ꐿ·ʷοܡЇʷо(dng)䆢ʾ
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-18 Դ: ӛȫ c(din)
How Might a \"New Legal History\" Be Possible:
Recent Trends of Chinese Legal History Studies in the United States and Its Implications
һԣR(sh)
ڡvʷW(xu)uՓ2001꿯ǵһƪuɵ£Neil J. Diamant_ƪv^ȥʮһR(sh)ϵĵЇʷI(lng)¡Ȼl(f)_еfλɼ၆W(xu)ɼУ^(q)vʷϵĵһȺW(xu)cʿɹ؏ĻA(ch)τ(dng)u˔(sh)ʮP(gun)Ї1644-1911ɵĹJ(rn)[1] L@ЇʷI(lng)R(sh)׳߄tǕr(sh)μ၆W(xu)ɼУ^(q)UCLAvʷϵڵSPhilip C. C. HuangI(lng)£20o(j)90ԁUCLAЇʷоȺѸɞV܌W(xu)P(gun)ע֪R(sh)a(chn)Ⱥwr(sh)@һȺwѴ°W(xu)/քeЇձ¼錧(do)SǼ˰ׄPKathryn Bernhardtλ֮⣬(dng)IJʿڰBradly ReedKɽݣMatthew SommerChristopher IsettƝɾYasuhiko Karasawaѳɞ긻(qing)W(xu)ձIJͬW(xu)Ј(zh)ƽϯв˹̹W(xu)@ӵ缉Уһꐻ۱Huey Bin TengF(xin)ҲɲʿՓĵ
ڵĹŵhW(xu)оЇʷռλֱŵhW(xu)Sinology˥䲢uλЇW(xu)Chinese Studiesr(sh)_ʼd[2]ĴƷУЇW(xu)ϤĪ^ڲ£Derk BoddeĪ˹Clarence Morris Aۇڵķɡһ[3] @1967Čѳɞ鱻@һI(lng)ČW(xu)߂Ľ(jng)ڴ֮ǰһЩW(xu)¶Jerome A. Cohen۵ARandle Edwards㣨David C. BuxbaumRBrian McKnightWilliam C. JonesWilliam P. AlfordθģHugh T. ScoginJr.СƼMadeleline ZelinͬЇʷI(lng)ڸؕI(xin)˲H߷Ʒ/֮еһЩǹPz[4] ]ЇʷоI(lng)Ĵһ҂ɵQ@R(sh)ϵĵ@Բǹ@֮Zô҂fĆ}tҪȥЩʹUCLAЇʷоȺ܉^(q)eW(xu)ֻ߸ֱӵfUCLAЇʷоȺijɹǷ߂ɫ@Їо߶ԣcP(gun)BҪ}߀@ЩԮоܞ҂ṩʲôӵĆʾ@Щ}ĻشΨЌȫ緶(ni)ͬͬI(lng)оՌȺпД@SԏĂy(tng)Їɵĺ_ʼՄ
ˌЇy(tng)ɵ`c˼
ʮǰl(f)һƪՓWilliam P. Alford˼һ(g)ζLĬF(xin)ǾQ1990֮ǰW(xu)һ(g)wҕЇоtδЩ^䌍(sh)оЇvʷc(hu)Ľ^(sh)W(xu)Ĵ_ҕ`ⷨЇеãǿpSķʷy(tng)һ(g)ڰ1972_ʼоňW(xu)(x)֮r(sh)։ۣArthur Wrightɻ؆f@ôһ(g)pô(hu)(jin)ЇʷоM(fi)r(sh)g[5]
ʮһλЇʷо߲ïThomas Michael Buoye@ƪՓ˼TԭM(jn)˾ٿY(ji)
ҌɵijЩƫҊɵضr(ji)ֵۇx˰Ї@õⷨ(qun)(dng)l؟(z)y(tng)ЇɵĚҰUڌ(dng)Ї˾дijЩxF(xin)ֱ(lin)ϵy(tng)Їķwϵ@ЩɶSW(xu)pҕcЇy(tng)wϵҪԣ
M(qing)C(j)@ʾЇ䌍(sh)һװl(f)չķɂy(tng)[6]
ʮǰ㣨David C. Buxbaumѽ(jng)W(xu)оЇ֮r(sh)һҪע僞(yu)ԽcO˵x
҂P(gun)ڂy(tng)ЇΌ(sh)H\(yn)ĺܶǸֲʮo(j)ЩзNx⽻̘I(y)ˆTĈ(bo)Ԟͨ^Ʒɺڽ̎oҰU˵ķʽ(sh)P(gun)ڂy(tng)Їɵĺܶоδ̽ĽY(ji)Փ^҂һr(sh)ڵͬ顪H͢ЇˡĿ̖[7]
Ҳ?yn)ָǣ?dng)郞(yu)ČW(xu)Ҳ߹ɵć(yn)c̷Ҫ[8]
@Ԓ^TC(j)Kо_ʼ|Ї_ʼ16o(j)~c˽|ЇˌЇɵ˽ĸfӢֱ18o(j)ĩ~ǰЇƵ\(yn)r̎ãȻo֪ĠB(ti)[9] MgҲЇ֮ٝo硶λgС˾|Thomas Staunton,1781-1856lF(xin)ġ߶ȵėlԡԺ߉һ؞ԡļg(sh)c(din)Կ϶[10] wԣ18o(j)ĩ_ʼ(dng)@Щʿ⽻ٺLþЇăSЇɵur(ji)ஔ(dng)eǴoo/HH@ЇPcO(jin)zչ_ĎǧƪһɵʹЇɵwڰ[11]
^Ї֮׃܌l(f)ѵָ1250ǰЇF(xin)֮1650ǰ_ʼd˷ЇݵġЇƶȵﵽ˼F(xin)ڮ(dng)r(sh)(hu)ĸ(g)1750ǰЇʷ˸D(zhun)͵ķˮXǰ\(yn)(dng)r(sh)ˇ(f)d\(yn)(dng)o(j)ĺø^࣬D(zhun)\(yn)(dng)r(sh)(qing){(dio)ͣ˥|ơҰUҰU֮|ۇij[12] Їɵ֮׃@һwD(zhun)^еҪMɲ[13] ĿΣFrancois Quesnay̩Voltaireˌy(tng)ЇɘOM֮ٝo18o(j)~ԁЇɵġڰ类(gu)@(sh)ٝP(yng)cu̶ͬȵغЂ(g)˻w^Ŀġ@֮(do)18o(j)~ԁЇɘOԵD(zhun)֮uԭں̶ܴϾڣһr(sh)ĺLr(sh)g(ni)ˌЇɵоԷQоԒ϶dzһ(g)dz(sh)HĿģǾҪЇⷨ(qun)Ҫ(sh)F(xin)@һc(din)ȻȾҪCЇɵҰUֵغ[14]
19o(j)~֮20o(j)ԁShW(xu)İl(f)չcЇW(xu)ĽP(gun)Їy(tng)ɵоM(jn)һ_x£Edward W. Saidxϵġ|x`ڴI(lng)Ǖr(sh)Ҋ[15] ߵN(yn)Karen Turner(jng)uǘӣMfԺhW(xu)оM(jn)չҲиīI(xin)ɹhW(xu)҅s^m(x)؏(f)f19o(j)P(gun)Ї^c(din)ЇW(xu)뢡W(xu)|оĄ(chung)ʼM(fi)壨John King FairbankDz|Ăy(tng)һ(g)@@ܱκP(gun)ƷČW(xu)߾Ӱ푡Ľ̿ƕУЇ(sh)|(zh)ȫcfͬһH[16] һ(g)ӄtǣuW(xu)\(yn)(dng)֮һRoberto M. UngerЇƶȵJ(rn)ȫһF(xin)(hu)ضr(ji)ֵO߷Sζ`[17]
v@ЩԍČW(xu)ЇʷHHֻоıI(lng)вʹWһ(g)ѣM(fi)壩ȫdzijNĿĶHHrǘӣ@ЩՓo(zhn)Їy(tng)оrSЇ^China-centered approachD(zhun)[18]1970ԁһЇW(xu)I(y)ЇW(xu)Ѹ/ڿЇ(hu)еÕr(sh)Ѳǰ݅ôMһ݅hW(xu)҂P(gun)ڂy(tng)ЇɵijҊM(jn)зʡcMڴAfҊfͬr(sh)sgһW(xu)ߵŬ(sh)ьP(gun)ڂy(tng)ЇɵоM(jn)һ[19]
簲ǘӣ
W(xu)ߌЇɵҕuõ^ԽĚvʷW(xu)҂ױգBeatrice BartlettׄPKathryn BernhardtSǣPhilip Huang֣William KirbywPhilip Kuhnn(Susan Naquin)W̹(Jonathan Ocko)ʷw(Jonathan Spence)κ쳵£Frederic Wakemanѽ(jng)D(zhun)עⷨYă(ni)ݼ䱾ϣ˸VؽʾЇں(hu)κR(sh)ȷһڅM@ЩЛ]һλ鷨ʷW(xu)ҽӖ(xn)ڸԏV̽ɲM(jn)Sھͨ^@ЩоչF(xin)ɳ䮔(dng)һNҊDzϲĽɫķʽoՓЇͨ߀㮐ӵо[20]
ʹ@ЩW(xu)D(zhun)Tԭ֮(dng)_@Ҋľ/sͬXһNЇĵЇʷa China-centered history of China֮⣬P(gun)I߀Їһvʷn^ȫʡطղصęnīI(xin)W(xu)ߵ_š[21]
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īI(xin)@һЇҵо߂_wڡл꡷һf@،뮔(dng)W(xu)g(sh)оvʷش¼֮һ҂ֻDŽ_ʼR(sh)Ҫ[22] @ЩuW(xu)_l(f)ęnīI(xin)˾nռ(j)ஔ(dng)ķ
Mڱr(sh)ڽ(jng)vˡǧ¼ĺƽ[23] Їһvʷn^F(xin)ղصn1000f74(g)ȫЃH̲ʈ(bo)ʹõ}W(xu)Qġ̿}͔(sh)@ˡЇһvʷn^ĹˆT@Щ̿}M(jn)зĿքe飺I؝۰O(jin)z(ni)ַ֞ܶ(w)(xing)ЃHǬ¡gR䛵c(w)mP(gun)(bo)_(d)56850[24] ̲n֮Їһvʷn^F(xin)صęnֱcоP(gun)߀Б^nԺnӆ^nԺnȡ(c(din)̎xһ)
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Ї_(ti)^(q)ĹʌmԺоԺvʷZоҲ˾nУ_(ti)ʌmԺF(xin)ص˾nҪʡϵYmЙnp܊C(j)̎nߡ䛸Inעԡo(j)nơʷ峯ʷ^cʷ^̷־N屾ԼMԭnȵȡ[26]оԺvʷZоصġ(ni)wn֮еġ˾P(yng)оʷFزġ[27]
һ˾n֮طһnа˾nԴl(f)Čأ_(ti)ˮdhnQnĴͿhn츮hnĴϲhnnͿhnchn?q)W_ϲhntһЩֱuW(xu)P(gun)ע[28] ڴ֮⣬ɢصnадcP(gun)ă(ni)Ĵ_Д(sh)Ĕ(sh)һ(g)iF(tun)
ЇęnīI(xin)m(x)_ȫо߂ṩnC(j)1980ԁоЇʷă(yu)W(xu)AW(xu)ȶ̶ͬȵ@Щ(sh)OČFYµоһƪױգBeatrice Bartlettoпؑf(dng)19749֮r(sh)(dng)r(sh)ėlͲSnM(jn)оֻܷdzz@ʌmAһȦ(dng)^TpQҕ֮r(sh)ͱ˸֪x_HH֮(dng)19809ٴ֮r(sh)@(zhn)ʌmصnM(jn)һW(xu)о[29] ǂ(g)r(sh)_ʼЇW(xu)оI(lng)Ch\"ing-shih wen-t\" iLate Imperial ChinaModern Chinaͽ(jng)W(xu)ߌЇꑺ_(ti)^(q)|nYϻղصnM(jn)нB[30]
Ҳ@һr(sh)ǰAˌW(xu)ߏW(xu)Bղ_(ti)оԺvʷZоġ(ni)wn@ƪe(qing){(dio)@һFnо˾x[31] λW(xu)mԊNancy ParkͰRobert Antony߀l(f)}顶ʷеęnоČ}Փ[32] @ƪλ߸(j)ԼЇһvʷn^оãһn^صă(ni)wnmЙn܊C(j)̎n̲nԺnԺnӆ^n˷dzԔ(x)ĽBmԊͰ(qing){(dio)ɵоoFoM@Щԣ@ЩOS(sh)д_l(f)ԭʼnY[33]
1990ԁW(xu)@Щnо_ʼuγɚ/ǰ݅ͬЂ?ni)õijɾ֮M(jn)гԽMڶʮǰ£Derk BoddeĪ˹Clarence Morrisѽ(jng)ġ̰R[(sh)t̰R[m(x)̰R[̰R[NԪ(d)ąRx190оԼҲJ(rn)ڡ̰R[_(d)7600İ@ȻСxg҂ܵóP(gun)ڽy(tng)Ӌ(j)(sh)ַĽY(ji)Փ[34] Λr̰R[䛵ıస(sh)HֻǘOȝsİժҪoṩP(gun)^̼ǰP(gun)εԔ(x)Y@˵˾n̽ӑɵČ(sh)`^̄(chung)˵쪚(d)ėlcһ݅W(xu)ҪٷC͕(hu)Ȃy(tng)īI(xin)YоͬһČW(xu)ߑ{½ɵõ˾nuƽy(tng)Їɵď(f)sكHHهĻӢηĴl(f)ǰo(sh)oåҲ̶ͬȵ_fԒЇɵòҲuԭȵĚvʷ(sh)`(f)ԭڻڂy(tng)īI(xin)YĂy(tng)Ї˾о҂ֻܿ(yn)ϵĿh˾^ЌΨΨZZСM(jn)Іȵę(qun)֧䣬^@Щ˾n҂t߀ԿСյľԇD(qun)֧ď(f)sࡣһW(xu)ߵČW(xu)g(sh)P(gun)עc(din)Ҳڷƶ^U(ku)չw(zh)ڃ(ni)ĸ(g)\(yn)h(hun)(ji)
һ߀U(ku)չط
̷ǔU(ku)չ·c·ɵȸVI(lng)֮@W(xu)ЇʷоϵһNy(tng)
@NЇʷоϵy(tng)ٿݵ1970ͺ㣨David C. Buxbaumn_(chung)о[35] @(xing)M(jn)еЇʷоڮ(dng)һοԽ̫ƽČW(xu)19681969g_(ti)W(xu)xڑ(yng)(dng)r(sh)νňDAʢDW(xu)֮ǰԓУM(jn)йͬоgnȫij33yԓУ@ЩAʢDW(xu)ވD^˴ιͬоӋ(j)ijɹ֮һ@Yƪu(y)HW(xu)Փ@ƪУˌnM(jn)нB߀Ҫ(dng)r(sh)(yu)ЇʷоՓ粩£Derk BoddeĪ˹Clarence Morris¶Jerome A. CohenоʬF(xin)wϵڵnаĴYǰՓIJ_֮̎ҕTM(jn)̽ӑM߀δӑՓhٌ(sh)HϾ̎°̽ӑĆ}ٰP(gun)ڡذ͡(x)¡ą^(q)e
(x)¡ύٸr㌦1789-1895İM(jn)нy(tng)Ӌ(j)Y(ji)l(f)F(xin)19.2%ڡ(x)¡31.9%ڡذ(x)¡ă(ni)鼰ĸ(g)ͨǘO˰l(f)
(x)¡Ƿ³M(jn)̎
ڱCo֮ǰ°ıǷ(dng)о@ʾ@Nٶͨ°°о@cºĪ˹ǰՓǡǡ෴
cwϵļmpǷζ(g)˵Ğ(zi)yԼǷA㌦Էش𣩡˸ش_CԼ^c(din)@ƪՓ߀˴Ĕ(sh)(j)y(tng)Ӌ(j)//°ĸֲČ(sh)HTh(yun)cVA֮P(gun)(lin)ȵ@Щоߵ춨˻A(ch)
Զʮo(j)ʷW(xu)İl(f)չ}j(lu)酢գôl(f)F(xin)Їʷо@Nҕ˾nL(fng)䌍(sh)xӳ(dng)ʷW(xu)³֮hâoՓHġbW(xu)ɡAnnales Schoolֻ^ġ^ʷW(xu)(microhistoria)߀L(fng)^ġĻʷNew Cultural History˾nM(jn)оѲr¡1975֮Ѹٳɞġȣ12941324W̹һ(g)ɽ塷һ顰bW(xu)ɡ˵ķʷW(xu)AEmmanuel le Roy Ladurieñeұ13181325gڽ̲M(jn)е578ΌӍӛ䛼nO侫ʵؽxo(j)ϲһ(g)ȵСɽеr(nng)˼(x)ȫò[36] ^ʷW(xu)I(lng)܊ƝCarlo Ginzburg1976ġcxһ(g)16o(j)ĥľ硷һУ^λλ16o(j)ɽ^(q)һ(g)գMonterealeƫƧɽ̖÷ẒMenocchior(nng)Ă(g)˾磬҂չʾǰ֪16o(j)(hu)ġͨĻõҪYǽƝ20o(j)ʮڞσ(ni)Udineęn^l(f)F(xin)˾n÷Z1583_ʼ(dng)?sh)ڽ̷ͥԡ˺C^ϵۡVֱ1599ǰ̣L_(d)ʮıӍӛ[37] ҕ顰Ļʷ_ɽvʷW(xu)ҴS˹Natalie Zemon Davistʹ˾nM(jn)ом֡ġRwշl(xing)ӛһzOһ400ǰl(f)ڷţ˹ɽ^(q)һ(g)аټӣArtigatĴfðɷĶչʾ16o(j)Ӱ^VAڃ(ni)(hu)òԓ̽ӑ挍(sh)¿QȺԷĺӢijӰҪهYP(gun)˾n߀гkĻؑ䛣yČСȡ[38]һHČW(xu)g(sh)nе̓(gu)18o(j)ČˡºĔߡS˹ʮo(j)˾nҪ¡ʡnՃ(ni)߇ҙnҙn辯֙nе(dng)ʾĻ߉M(jn)(dng)r(sh)(hu)֮(x)ڽģʽĔǞ˝Mr(sh)ˌijNµ[39]
Їʷоc(hu)ƌW(xu)
20o(j)ʷW(xu)İl(f)չ^L(fng)ӿNʷW(xu)³ӳFH֮lĿϾһ(g)Փ}ʼKM@gǾǚvʷW(xu)c(hu)ƌW(xu)֮gP(gun)ϵߵĽY(ji)ϣ20o(j)ڱў鲻ʷᳫ20o(j)~Ժdzɞϯ(g)ʷW(xu)Ĵ
Ѻłָģ20o(j)~ʷW(xu)ҪdȤΌ(hu)ƌW(xu)ķvʷоЁ[40] 20o(j)ʷW(xu)New Historyɵĵ˺ͳ(do)IOJames Harvey Robisonь(hu)ƌW(xu)顰vʷͬˡM(jn)ٌ̖vʷоc(hu)ƌW(xu)ijɹC[41] @ӵҲͬˡؼ{Frederick J. Turner頖˹Ƞ£Charles A. Beardd20o(j)ϰ~HW(xu)ġbW(xu)ɡAnnales Schoolγ֮һֱLj(jin)(hu)ƌW(xu)ĸcʷW(xu)оij(do)ߺ`ߣĿ1929ꄓ(chung)1994顶vʷc(hu)ƌW(xu)bAnnales: histoire et sciences socialesC[42]
19501955֮vʷW(xu)c(hu)ƌW(xu)ĽY(ji)ϵ_(d)һ(g)AΣ䱾|(zh)ǡ(hu)ƌW(xu)(chung)ı^VһD(zhun)(hu)ƌW(xu)ķՓ}[43] hâҪ(hu)ƌW(xu)Ƅ(dng)֮ʷW(xu)c(hu)ƌW(xu)Y(ji)ϵѸȡmʷW(xu)Ăy(tng)ʷW(xu)M(jn)L(fng)(g)ʷW(xu)硣ӳһڅݵġ(hu)ʷ1960ԁdzɞʷW(xu)߀˱һЩW(xu)߷Q顰(hu)ƌW(xu)ʷW(xu)history-as-a-social-science
ЇʷоЇW(xu)оI(lng)ռ(j)ஔ(dng)IJҲͬܵ@һӰտGeoffrey Barractbughfǘ(jin)ƵƄ(dng)vʷW(xu)(hu)ƌW(xu)ОƌW(xu)ĽY(ji)@[44]20o(j)60ЇʷW(xu)dP(gun)ڰ(hu)ƌW(xu)ЇW(xu)о֮еğӑՓ(bio)־¼֮һǡоs־The Journal of Asian Studies1964@һՓ}l(f)ĵʩ(jin)ţG. William Skinner@ӑՓʼٸʷAģBenjamin SchwartzɭJoseph R. LevensonǬMary C.(c(din)̎xһ)
WrightīƣRhoads MurpheyMaurice Freedmanȱ(yu)W(xu)߅cС[45] ģPaul A. CohenڿY(ji)1970ԁЇʷобF(xin)@ġЇȡr(sh)[46] Ĵһ(g)ǡgӭvʷW(xu)TW(xu)ƣҪ(hu)ƌW(xu)ҲڴˣγɵĸNՓc͚vʷY(ji)[47]
Їʷо߁fʷW(xu)֮ġNՓcɡУϤĿҪR˹fMarx Weber@λ(hu)W(xu)µSW(xu)g(sh)za(chn)ֶ˵оR˹f@λOĵġЇоĂС
(g)(hu)W(xu)оҪǞ@Ļl(f)չĪ(d)ԣEigentmlichkeitM(jn)еģֻF(xin)fԻc֪R(sh)(Rationalisierung und Intellekturalisierung)ĬF(xin)ͬӵķ(hu)W(xu)ҲǞˏ(qing){(dio)ɵĴһԣɳһ(g)ʽġԵİl(f)չȫԻ^еĪ(d)ָ(bio)֮һʲôֻڬF(xin)IJֵ^(q)һr(sh)سһ(g)βһ؞ġ߉(Logisierung des Rechts)[48]
ܸ@@(g)}fxȡЇy(tng)F(xin)ɵġ͡Gegentypus(jng)^@Nͷideal-typical analysis֮ǰc֮g෴汻ؽ(gu)Փ(dng)ٵЇ˾ЌɲġA(y)Ӌ(j)Ŀ˾Khadi justiceՓࣺ
Їķ١͵ļҮa(chn)Ʒ١ԏصļҸLƵķʽ팏zҲfֻҪʥy(tng)xę(qun)^(hu)(j)ʽҎ(gu)t]永ߞˡohne Ansehen der PersonԌδ෴(hu)(j)ߵČ(sh)HԼ(sh)H(sh)HĽY(ji)Ĺƽc(dng)ЛQ@N_Tʽġ˾Ҳ˹mǘһʥķ(j)ϵy(tng)ɵĻʳֻ?yn)ɏ?qing)Եg(sh)y(tng)֧εԲűJ(rn)Dz|[49]
S@ЩՓչ_ԭǡl(f)ʽĚWxDuS顰Ҏ(gu)ʽĚWx[50] 鲻ҵf@ЩP(gun)ڂy(tng)ЇɵՓ࣬ں̶ܴϳɞ֧Їʷо߂ǰҊprejudiceֱ߀ȱķʡc㡣
@һijN̶ӳC˿Į(dng)đn](jng)ἰ(yng)(hu)ƌW(xu)ķЇʷ(sh)һЩɹԴˁҪóɹǺεy@?yn)?dng)˂ԇDԴ˞֮r(sh)[ǰľy}1ҳ_Փ^_ָmXĵƫҊгЧغʷϽY(ji)
2(hu)ƌW(xu)ĸcvʷY(ji)ϕr(sh)@Щ˳ëǘӎȫµˇg(sh)
3ҪʷҵĴXȫȻͬSW(xu)ƵՓՓcԣ@ЩW(xu)(hu)ƌW(xu)漰(sh)W(xu)(yng)ȻƌW(xu)@XǡǡbһλоЇʷҵXtѽ(jng)˴ĕr(sh)g;cηһɷNZԿ(zhn)[51]
^ycΣU(xin)Ȼ@^ζԇD(hu)ƌW(xu)ՓcЇʷоY(ji)ϵŬh(yun)ǰ;ԏĶʮo(j)ԁɞȫČW(xu)g(sh)ԁһֱ緶(ni)N(hu)ƌW(xu)ՓҪa(chn)c(sh)(yn)20o(j)W(xu)r(sh)r(sh)ؕ(hu)һ(g)D(zhun)һ(g)xʽӵՓ㷽TҵLjڴ˷Nyuۡ[52]ĭh(hun)֮Ƿ߹Ȼܞ֮Ŀѣ֪̎ϳ߄tԑ{õbeГ(yu)鼺ͬںăɱvʷW(xu)c(hu)W(xu)Y(ji)ϵČ͌Ԟ˂Qijɹ[53]һЇʷоҲԇD(hu)ƌW(xu)ՓмȡIB(yng)MܲDyϾ褻F(xin)Բʧֵ÷Q̽cŬïThomas Michael BuoyeDZһ(g)ӡԓҪԮƶȽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Փ̿}18o(j)Ї(jng)(j)c(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃w͌ճ_ͻgP(gun)ϵ[54]
ڽ(jng)(yn)cՓĹBаl(f)vʷ
ע˾nое\(yn)Լ(hu)ƌW(xu)Փмȡ`@ɴڅݣڮ(dng)W(xu)磨(yu)Їʷо߹P½RĶ(gu)dδġ·ʷҪ1990Խǽ˲H߷ЇʷоՓļ[55] Ҳ߂ɴ֮һȫ̶ͬȵwF(xin)·ʷоL(fng)āͲǡֻһңeo̖Ȼ^fоˆTsɢUCLAЇʷоȺ@Щtõ@ļwF(xin)I(lng)һL(fng)ɴγ
1994ԁ˹̹W(xu)m(x)ƳЇķ(hu)cĻLaw,Society,and Culture in ChinaϵЅ@ǡ·ʷdһ(g)Ҫ(bio)־@ׅSǺͰׄP(lin)䆖ԁͮa(chn)ҪӰ푡1994_ʼȺ@ĕ7[56] һՓļcMelissa Ann MacauleyČ[57]5քeSׄPKɽ֣֮SЃɱλUCLAЇʷоȺĺUCLAĽԭﮅI(y)IJʿ҂@5չʾUCLAЇʷоȺ·ʷX\(yn)
W(xu)磬UCLAЇʷоȺ˾nעؿ^һָ1970ĩ1980SǾсAѼnW(xu)g(sh)о֮19815ڶ_оf(xi)(hu)Association for Asian Studiesȕ(hu)hϾʹ^T(bo)棬ἰԼ(j)̿}h̷ncͿhnijо[58] 1996ČSʹˏİͿhnhn͵nռ628°߀кӱxh19101930g128°2001һУt\(yn)875ڵطęnӛɰͿhnhn͵nxԺӱxĴe㽭ͽKǽĿh֮@ɱʹձMFϝMFϕ(hu)磩19401942Ї(g)AfԽČ(sh){(dio)ɹ[59]
ׄPоδr(sh)ԁЇDŮؔ(ci)a(chn)(qun)׃ČɹͻW(xu)ڵЇ֮ؔ(ci)a(chn)^ƶγɵoB(ti)DËDŮʷĪ(d)ҕׄPJ(rn)^ȥĽ^(sh)о?yn)ĵҕǣֻǿҊSo(j)ԁӵؔ(ci)a(chn)^Й(qun)(wn)עЇDŮؔ(ci)a(chn)(qun)䌍(sh)l(f)˘OҪ׃_(d)@һҊP(gun)Iڅ^(q)ؔ(ci)a(chn)^ƶеķּңmHõrcmӟoHõr@ɂ(g)ͬ^cwϵ˿ʷоɹ(dng)r(sh)Їs1/5ļͥ]L˵ăӣָ壬鳣ҊķּƶȹȻoֹ^ǟoP(gun)oijƶȅsl(f)ش׃Ⱥ(jng)vNȻͬijƶȣ@Ȟ@wF(xin)ڋDŮoՓŮ߀ǹޡؔ(ci)a(chn)^Й(qun)֮ԓP(gun)r(sh)ڋDŮؔ(ci)a(chn)(qun)׃Փ漰һ(g)W(xu)粚ĿҪՓֲׄP(dng)ؽʾԁԭcɌ(sh)ЧıxhԇDͨ^f^ƶM(jn)КԴĶʹËDŮõcһӵƽș(qun)(sh)sĴ_Եõһza(chn)sʧˌؔ(ci)a(chn)ıO(jin)o(h)(qun)
Hcϱܵؓ(f)Ӱ푸h(yun)B״д_Ů^Й(qun)ҲO֮r(sh)ڵċDŮؔ(ci)a(chn)^Й(qun)fmʧ˴_C@ЩµՓׄPʹ˴˾n68P(gun)ؔ(ci)a(chn)^а˾nքeɽ|hĴͿh츮h_(ti)ˮָhͽK̫dԼ370r(sh)^аԭʼͥn9619101920ĴԺ134ͬһr(sh)VߵȌЏd14019101940طЏd^߱طԺİ߀д~طنTӛ͂ӛ[60]
KɽݵČЇڵԡc(hu)о}ƴԁֱҌԣ(qing)顢ͨuͬԑ٣ķҎ(gu)Ƽ䌦ͨյxָMڇҌԵķҎ(gu)жʹá顱@ͬһ~ZָQԷ(sh)HĿ͘(bio)(zhn)s(jng)v׃ҷɌڵַcַߵA(y)O(sh)ڸ׃ƴ/քeҕǾӢͥūͺ˵Ů@A(y)O(sh)tքeҋDŮ(jng)˼ҵͯȡҷɌԵҎ(gu)Ƙ(bio)(zhn)wF(xin)һNKɽQġݱF(xin)ԄeF(xin)from status performance to gender performanceĝuM(jn)׃ӺԪ꣨1723ּUvݵĸĸ֮ԭȃHmP(gun)Եº؟(z)εһ(bio)(zhn)ڷϱuU(ku)չ(g)AҪ˂ձ鰴y(tng)^ԄeMذ(hu)ͼͥеĽɫKɽݵ@ЩҊǽڌ˾nM(jn)(sh)оĻA(ch)֮ϡͬr(sh)ʹ˵ط˾nMԓ̹Բδռ˾nϤ(sh)̶ͬȵؽM@һоY@˵Sطһİӛ50017581852gİͿhn160츮nȫԌhһİӛ䛣txԃ(ni)w̿}KɽݏЏ(f)600c̲F(xin)nKɽݏЏ(f)80[61]
Čצhõĕcۡϵy(tng)̽ӑط\(yn)D(zhun)Еc۵ɫԼĽMОοӰ푵cطP(gun)ϵڴ֮ǰ߀ˣҾӢԒZı_(d)оطՓᵽۺ͕r(sh)ʽ،ҕһֻһĸo֮݅J(rn)h(yun)h(yun)Ҏ(gu)ٷ(bio)(zhn)ڵ(sh)ǵۇʧһF(xin)оs҂չʾcǰTȻЄe挍(sh)DͿhIJۺ͕(sh)ȻI(y)ОУ(chung)첢һdzܵđTҎ(gu)tc֮Ҏ(gu)ļˡxwͷNɈDęC(j)(hu)ڃ(ni)ĸNeͬr(sh)Ҳһ̶Ҽsͨ^(ni)ƲÌЩ͞E(qun)ĘO˂(g)M(jn)̎ٷČҲhقJ(rn)ɣhڽQۺ͕(ni)Ġ˕r(sh)(sh)`г(hu)l(f)ָʾ@ЩTҎ(gu)tcԾSo(h)@Щ(sh)l(f)]ƶ֮õđTҎ(gu)tcsʽJ(rn)еһЩһֱҷҕǷªҎ(gu)ˌ֮Q顰ƶȡextrastatutory systemٷʽJ(rn)һĺa(b)?yn)ȱʽ?gu)tɵĿ϶(c(din)̎xһ)
˱C@Щƶȡ܉\(yn)D(zhun)cDԸNʽ䡰ǷО/λϷlegitimizing the illicit֮չʾĮR˹f讋ĬF(xin)Ի㌎f@fģʽoֵÌW(xu)J(rn)挦һNОģʽW(xu)fҊ(j)ģǾͰͿhn漰˾Ĕ(sh)ټĕĘO鼚(x)µо[62]
H@5^֮ʹõ˾n(sh)֮cӑՓă(ni)֮Vˇ@^ֹͬҪ߀Уcy(tng)Їʷоͬ@5̶ͬȵԮˮ(dng)(hu)ƌW(xu)оɹW(xu)g(sh)WԮ?q)֮錦Ԓ@SǵăɱwF(xin)@ǰһO(sh)Ì£ھ£cR˹f^c(din)M(jn)ЌԒzҕɼƶfՓĆl(f)ͬr(sh)ҲmƫҊSxf(jng)ʹ^ġ(sh)wԡuơȸµă(ni)ĶʹڽĻl(f)µĻ磬f(jng)^һ(g)LԇԵ}(sh)wԡϧδְl(f)]SDŽtԽòM(jn)չ(sh)wxxٷкg{(dio)·еìܽY(ji)Sϵĺһt˼ģClifford Geertz϶Pierre Bourdieu_x£Edward SaidȮ(dng)Ҫ(hu)ƌW(xu)Փ֮ɹеľAͬr(sh)CγԼ¿ԓڷ(x)֮r(sh)͏(qing){(dio)ؘ(gu)(x)ģ(sh)`߉@@Ȼܵ϶P(gun)Փ֮l(f)l(f)]
@Щrc(din)ԁѲ̶ͬȵ؞鱊uՓע⣬[63] ڡVAnl(f)ՓļиwF(xin)oz[64]ʹõ˾nf́ĴͿh츮h_(ti)ˮdh{y(tng)Tӱ@¹hʡǿh|ʡhȵ^(q)Լ̲(ni)wʢ(ni)(w)طԺĴߵȷԺĴʡdӱʡߵȷԺKʡߵȷԺϺһ^(q)طԺșC(j)(gu)ȫn漰ĕr(sh)gֱ߀ЁԮ(dng)AϸһhcϷRhVAԮW(xu)g(sh)YԴԸԵČ(sh)CоM(jn)Йzӑ(hu)ƌW(xu)ՓپͰ(hu)/I(lng)c(hu)(hu)(qun)ԴĻę(qun)W(wng)j(lu)Փf϶ؐR˹Jrge HabermasɭʩأS. N. Eisenstadtw~ˠMichael Mann˹أJames C. Scottٝ棨Prasenjit DuaranϣPatrick HananRԼͬ桢ʒ(qun)ڃ(ni)T(dng)W(xu)g(sh)llر錦Ԓ
UCLAЇʷоȺͬ(bio)e@Nͨ(jng)(yn)cՓоL(fng)Hஔ(dng)̶ϼmW(xu)ڌЇɡy(tng)(dng)TƫҊһЩ^ę(qun)ՓЩǰƫҊcՓٰJ(rn)ЇoġTʽ̎°ԼģćhɵD(zhun)׃ҕɷԡɌ(sh)wx/xߵġϷ^F(xin)D(zhun)׃߀չЇʷоďVcM(jn)uƽЇc(hu)ď(f)sһSҲ?yn)@ЩɹcоIJ˽(jng)òϢČW(xu)g(sh)Փq˂֪Į(dng)Ljl(f)ՌW(xu)֮gՓ
199692123գ}顰ڵЇķ(hu)cĻՌW(xu)֮gČԒLaw, Society, and Culture in Late Imperial China: A Dialogue between American and Japanese ScholarsćHW(xu)g(sh)ӑ(hu)ձ砂}_УW(xu)SI(lng)շW(xu)߄tЇʷRס[65]pĽh䌍(sh)ݵǰ1993ꡣǏ@һ_ʼSǰl(f)˶ƪ£ᘌRһЩ^c(din)_u[66] @һucRͽ֮xķu1995l(f)ƪԷg[67] mtQԼ@NՓġ낀(g)(dng)ˡ[68] (sh)Hϣձđ(yng)ȫǡµӷڡ慢cՓ(zhn)ֻЃSǺλ@ՓֵIJͬͲ̵ͬذl(f)F(xin)НصһЩ}x
ĿpՓĽc(din)Ҫڡ AǷǷo(h)(dng)(qun)ߵČС@һ^c(din)֮һݱҕ(qun)оRD F _(d)ɭZ|(zh)Q顰Iʽ{(dio)didactic conciliation[69] SDŽt(j)˾nČ(sh)Cоָݿhق̎¼m֮r(sh)(sh)Ͻ^(sh)LJ(yn)ɵҎ(gu)_Ąؓ(f)ЛQ[70] @顰{(dio)ͣfVSfČW(xu)g(sh)Փ(dng)?yn)ijЩԭδ潻hK@ЩgɢzՓ}ԞЇʷоһI(lng)r(sh)o@^[71]
(dng)c(hu)߂»^^յLjՓҲS(hu)˷֮?yn)շW(xu)е`RI(y)2008225x˹Ȼqʮ挦(dng)@Փ݅ҏpԵՓfЫ@SѾٵָpW(xu)ߵ@ՓҪɸֵĚvʷ^c£P(gun)Ią^(q)eSڣһҕɵČ(sh)H\(yn)ͮ(dng)˵ľһtҪ̽㲻׃ĺķ/˼룩[72]҄tԸ˂ҪעHҪһ棺@ɌW(xu)^c(din)IJҕҰͬcȡͬоزĪP(gun)ϵ
ஔ(dng)̶SهՓᘌ(sh)VAnČ(sh)C@N²ϵy(tng)M(jn)е(sh)оԶ쵽y(tng)ʷоҕһЩҊ(jng)С挦ɕr(sh)ľԣRձW(xu)ʹõʷtόڂy(tng)ʷϣʷ־ȣһЩhٵָ(do)փԣxġW(xu)fنT~Р͵ġ䛴桷żõԭʼVAnҲ(sh)OM܉ஔ(dng)Ĺзʽǰʷ֮ðl(f)]ĶdzɫоSƫȫֻҹªձW(xu)ͨJ(rn)Y茍(sh)ҊLҲͬӲĽB˾n(qing){(dio)˾nоҪ[73] ƺ߀ϵy(tng)ijһVAnM(jn)Ќ(sh)Cо[74]һЩ(yu)ҲLJ@ijһ(g)(sh)OĎׂ(g)չ_ڼfġ衱thick descriptionԇDץס^ɂy(tng)(g)(hu)Ļĺԭעоϵy(tng)\(yn)þfĔ(sh)˾nُѱgĵՓ[75] M˾n÷ձW(xu)иpһ݅^Ѝuµо[76] Ȼwƺдӏ(qing)
ͬȻˣ҂Ҳo횺˱˵ȥ؟(z)ձW(xu)@Ny(tng)Їʷо@ЩõY|(zh)ַ̎ͬஔ(dng)̶ό(do)ՌW(xu)֮g@ՓеijЩ`(hu)SSŵ?ci)ԵǘӣʹÙn˶@}(hu)[77]
һƪУվRW(xu)ɵ֮S1996ČM(jn)˾dʽԷJ(rn)W(xu)ߵķڡ^;Փʼc(din)IJͬ
RՓA(ch)ЇĻcĻ֮g͌SʼKP(gun)ĵąscAcĸ_Ј(jng)(j)ԺĬF(xin)Ї֮gĚvʷ^P(gun)ϵRՓCąsǃɷN֮gҎ(gu)ԭϵIJķՓĽǶȿ(sh)ϵƲ@NԭԲSڵӑՓԭǷڸĆ}sһֱδἰͺɷN֮gԭһDzԶ(sh)Ƶ[78]
һƪµҲJ(rn)Sָġٷ_(d)c䱳xČ(sh)`@NfڿwԾfԭҪr(sh)ڵķɌ(sh)`ϵBm(x)[79] ҿ@һԵķßoЎS(qing){(dio)ġ·ʷһ(g)Ҫ
2001ӢČԲS_Լһ(xing)(dng)r(sh)ь(sh)ʩ^оӋ(j)Ǿԕr(sh)A͇ķʷ[80] ҿ֧S@(xing)IJоӋ(j)һN(sh)tԽy(tng)ʷW(xu)J(rn)R(sh)Sڶ̎(f)(qing){(dio)ѽ(jng)εĬF(xin)ЇɣMмzijɷҲпԷQЇģųȫx(qun)ͻ䡰ĬF(xin)ԡIJ֣y(tng)@֮Џֲ(jng)hģijɷ֡[81] Y(ji)һ؞оL(fng)ô֮xfǣڲڛ]КvʷķɬF(xin)(sh)Їʷо؞ͨͬĕr(sh)Σl(f)g׃c׃M(jn)˂F(xin)(sh)⣬(yng)ԓHHMڞvʷvʷ(sh)tǚvʷ̓ox[82]ø(bio)eһ(g)Z~f@䌍(sh)ںЇʷоеġͨy(tng)[83]
Ҍ@NQЇʷоеġvʷС@(gu)ˡ·ʷ(yng)߂ИOP(gun)Iһ(g)@NvʷС֧֮Sǻڌ(sh)о្_(d)c(sh)`ıx(sh)õx(qun)ĺsȸՓʹ˂ҕF(xin)(sh)֮r(sh)Ҳܑ{Խr(sh)յĴ_(d)¶Ϥ[صĊWֻ֮ڡvʷС^֮Bӽ(jng)(yn)VØOW(xu)g(sh)r(ji)ֵVAncՓă(yu)(hu)ƌW(xu)Փмȡ`вc֮Ԓ្ԼІl(f)ԵµЌӸпܳɾxϵġ·ʷ·ǰ;oޣSǺܶǰ(jng)ָǘӣ
Ľ(jng)(yn)оĽǶȁfԞ҂l(f)µϢՓоĽǶȁf҂?yu)ЇvʷҷČ(sh)HĸՓҪҲS·ʷпæ҂^ǰW(xu)g(sh)ĴҲf¡ĻW(xu)cf(hu)(jng)(j)ʷԼfʷ֮gĴҲ^xͿ^x֮g[84]
ɽ֮ʯcΣ˼Σ
ЇČW(xu)߶ԣ1990ԁgĺЇʷоɹј(gu)һNҪČW(xu)g(sh)YԴҊ㲻锵(sh)ٵɢҊڸNڿļеĆƪЇꑳЇʷҪgǰἰSׄPïČ⣬߀СAۇķɡW(xu)ՓЇɂy(tng)r(sh)ڵcgsЇһ棺еЇɡЇ巨ԭطЇʷCձW(xu)߿CЇʷҪɹxgľЇķPcO(jin)zȺвHAˣAᣩ߀VձӢȵ[85] еIJgnjЇʷW(xu)Ӱ푘Oh(yun)ں̶ܴ(do)(dng)ЇW(xu)ˌijЩ}Ŀ߮(dng)Փ֮r(sh)llõę(qun)Փ(c(din)̎xһ)
American Historical Review, 106(2) , 2001,p.546. ɵ£Neil J. DiamantЇоI(lng)ٮٮ֮һƷRevolutionizing the FamilyPolitics Love and Divorce in Urban and Rural China1949 1968Berkeley: University of California Press2000ͺEngaging the Law in China : State, Society, and Possibilities for Justiceedited by Neil J. Diamant, Stanley B. Lubman, and Kevin J. O\" Brien, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2005.
[2] P(gun)Їʷоl(f)չv̵ĺ^BɅҊꐾo˰ĻЇʷоvʷ졷Ї(hu)ƌW(xu)2003ЇW(xu)оУЇʷоI(lng)˲ŝ(j)(j)ԽЇF(xin)ʷоռ(j)ஔ(dng)ı
[3] Derk Bodde and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China, Exemplified by 190 Ching Dynasty Cases, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967. gҊDCĪ˹AۇķɡgK1993
[4] W(xu)оЇʷijɹօҊR1971-2006ʷՓĿ䛡2007212-232Їʷоһ(g)Ҋƽʷҕ磺ּȤcʽڗȺSdëʷW(xu)W(xu)ƌԒĈD£ЇW(xu)2003598-603
[5] William P. Alford, \"Law, Law, What Law? Why Western Scholars of Chinese History and Society Have Not Had More to Say about Its Law\" , Modern China, Vol. 23 No. 4, 1997, pp.398-399.
[6] ï˾nԼЇķ(jng)(j)c(hu)оgdʷоڣ_(ti)2003240
[7] David C. Buxbaum,\"Some Aspects of Civil Procedure and Practice at the Trial Level in Tanshui and Hsinchu from 1789 to 1895\", Journal of Asian Studies, 30:2(February 1971), pp.277.
[8] Ibid., p.255.
[9] KһҕǡԁӢЇĻy(tng)оdh(hun)uՓ2003괺̖76-77
[10] D(zhun)ԣӢs_ģRoberts, John Anthony Georgeʮo(j)еЇSֺgA2006棬23
[11] һðĈDYDIJï(dng)չF(xin)猦ЇɵڿҊףh(hun)|cײ16o(j)ԁеЇɡW(xu)2007
[12] ҿ@һ}ֹϵy(tng)λо(dng)܌쳯bh(yun)Їоϡ£W(xu)2006档
[13] P(gun)ڂy(tng)Ї˼ur(ji)ɅҊʷͮ룺ЇĻӰ푡ӱ1999
[14] KһҕǡԁӢЇĻy(tng)оdh(hun)uՓ2003괺̖78
[15] Edward W. Said,Orientalism, New York : Vintage Books, 1979.gУ۵AW_x£|W(xu)gx֪(lin)1999档
[16] ߵN(yn)xRl(wi)W(xu)ՓЇɂy(tng)ӆ棩AW(xu)2004挧(do)ԣ9-10
[17] Roberto M. Unger, Law in Modern Society: Towards a Criticism of Social Theory, New York: Free Press, 1976gҊF(xin)(hu)еķɡܝhAgЇW(xu)1994
ԓ漰ЇɵIJϬuҊWilliam P. Alford, \"The Inscrutable Occidental? Implications of Roberto Unger\"s Uses and Abuses of the Chinese Past\", The Texas Law Review, 64 (1986): 915-972gҊ˼h\(yn)c`Їvʷĺx루ߵN(yn)xRl(wi)W(xu)ՓЇɂy(tng)ӆ棩AW(xu)2004棬3-51
[18] Paul A. Cohen, Discovering History in China : American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past , New York : Columbia University Press, 1984. gУģЇl(f)F(xin)vʷЇ^dͬgA1989
[19] P(gun)ڮ(dng)ЇоrĽBҊK(dng)ЇоdⷨW(xu)19965
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[20] William P. Alford, \"Law, Law, What Law? Why Western Scholars of Chinese History and Society Have Not Had More to Say about Its Law\" , Modern China, Vol. 23 No. 4, 1997, p409.
[21] Ibid., pp.409-410.
[22] Philip A. Kuhn, Soulstealers : the Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1990,vii.
[23] P(gun)ڱr(sh)ڵġǧ¼ĽBɅҊuҟȾЇnI(y)ʷЇ1985167-171
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[29] Beatrice S. Bartlett, \"An Archival Revival: The Qing Central Government Archives in Peking Today\", Ch\"ing-shih wen-t\" i , Vol. IV No.6 (December 1981), p81.
[30] ǰἰİױյƪ⣬@߀Preston Torbert, \"The Ch\"ing Central Judicial Archives\", Ch\"ing-shih wen-t\" i , Vol. 3 No.10 (November 1978), pp.82-94; Philip C. C. Huang,\"County Archives and the Study of Local History: Report on a Year\"s Research in China\", Modern China, Vol. 8 No. 1 (January 1982), pp.133-143; Philip A. Kuhn, \"News From The First Historical Archives, Beijing\",Ch\"ing-shih wen-t\" i , Vol. 5 No.2 (December 1984), pp.135-142; Susan Naquin,\" The Grand Secretarial Archives at the Institution of History and Philology, Acdemia Sinica, Taiwan\",Late Imperial China, Vol.(c(din)̎xһ)
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Diana Lary, \"The Second Historical Archives, Nanjing\", Modern China, Vol. 7 No.4 (October 1981), pp.498-501
Yasuhiko Karasawa, Bradly W. Reed, and Matthew H. Sommer, \"Qing County Archives in Sichuan: An Update from the Field\", Late Imperial China, Vol. 26 No.2 (December 2005), pp.114-128.
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[32] Nancy Park and Robert Antony,\"Archival Research in Qing Legal History\", Late Imperial China, Vol. 14 No.1 (June 1993), pp.93-137.
[33] Ibid., p.93.
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[91] (j)֪c@һՓ}P(gun)ӑ(hu)ֵP(gun)עľЃɴΡһ20061111AW(xu)W(xu)Ժ_ġy(tng)ЇՄ(hu)2008412A|W(xu)_ġЇŴɵĴ_ԡW(xu)g(sh)ӑ(hu)
[92] _(ti)^(q)ЇʷW(xu)ߣSԴʢهоЌԭʼ˾nHҕ@cஔ(dng)ֵęnY_(ti)^(q)^õP(gun)еһЩ˾n_(ti)W(xu)߹Ȼнˮ_(ti)֮(yu)_(ti)W(xu)D^صġnԭоԺvʷZоʷоղصġn(f)ӡоԺ˹D^_(ti)ʷоղصġnоԺvʷZоղصġ(ni)wnԼ_(ti)ʌmԺص峯˾nஔ(dng)һ˾nͨ^_(ti)W(xu)ߵĶ෬ŬѼоԺʷо͢ԈD^ԿЇُIġͿhn(ni)wh}}n̿ƻ1732-1762꣩(ni)whSԡƶоnYx@ЩYϵī@cԓоTهڃ(ni)P(gun)W(xu)ߵĸP(gun)SԴʢԌɵľտо⣬˾nѼcRǞW(xu)粚ĿâЬ̤ǧɢMKڅRɡԺȫąR27ԡԺȫąR17ԺЛQR[25ԺЛQR[30Ժ͡ƽԺÛQ䛴桷1ԣСƽԺÛQ䛴桷һ2007_(ti)ƙnRF(xin)δW(xu)A(ch)W(xu)ġҊꐿţЇʷ_(ti)һ(g)W(xu)g(sh)ʷudؔ(ci)(jng)W(xu)ĻоԺɂy(tng)W(xu)199829-3139-42
[93] ƽʷҕ磺ּȤcʽڗȺSdëʷW(xu)W(xu)ƌԒĈD£ЇW(xu)2003棬592
[94] Ї(hu)ʷ@ø_һЩՓԳ䮔(dng)CҊȺʷW(xu)һXD¡A2007棻
OʷW(xu)ڶıA2008_(ti)^(q)ʷW(xu)1980ԁ^ʷW(xu)֮һRs(qing){(dio)(hu)ƌW(xu)ՓʷʷW(xu)(yng)ԡ߷(hu)ʷںF(xin)xʷW(xu)ҊRsF(xin)ʷW(xu)ָϡ錧(do)x루ӢP˹ղ˹Keith Jenkinsvʷ˼Zʿg_(ti)1996
[95] ڴc(din)оʵՓҊSǣW(xu)g(sh)ՓcЇF(xin)ʷоĂ(g)һ(g)}(qing)gSЇоķʽ}ӑՓ(hu)ƌW(xu)īI(xin)2003棬102-133
[96] Ҋ˹꣺vʷZоּ֮ȤԭdоԺvʷZо111928븵˹꣺ʷՓԼ|1997
[97] ȺdzٵؿY(ji)ЇW(xu)оo҂Ćʾͨ^ЌՓĸeҎ(gu)ʷϵĽxһЌՓĸD(zhun)Q(do)ʷьµ@ϲl(f)F(xin)һÿ(g)ЌӸ֪R(sh)e۷γ㕽ӵfʹ}ӑՓʷϵѼ횱ڸҎ(gu)ķ֮(ni)@Ӿͷֹˌ^ֱXSEҊȺЇW(xu)оķʽD(zhun)׃cЇʷоĬF(xin)(sh)̎SЇоķʽ}ӑՓ(hu)ƌW(xu)īI(xin)2003300-301
[98] P(gun)ڡ(sh)W(xu)̓W(xu)ą^(q)ɅҊSԴʢЇy(tng)c˼롷_(ti)ψD湫˾1998(j)Sط@ձW(xu)LW(xu)g ձW(xu)˅^(q)(bio)(zhn)ҪǷc(sh)(w)ֱ(lin)ϵ
[99] ^ƷɭоЇy(tng)W(xu)ĬF(xin)\(yn)r(sh)һ(g)[J(rn)ЇٷϿƏ(f)dW(xu)䌍(sh)ֻ^nj鲩^ĚvʷղƷĿľҪĬF(xin)(sh)Ļ(q)ȥȡеĻԔҊɭЇF(xin)\(yn)AݼgЇ(hu)ƌW(xu)2000棬337-343һλоЇ˼ʷĴʷAģBenjamin Schwartz(jng)ָJ(rn)錦ڷ|(zh)ԵĻáD^SNҿߵă(ni)䌍(sh)ͬС
[100] _־ɽ(jng)cЇʷW(xu)dЇ(hu)ƌW(xu)20011
[101] @Щѽ(jng)ęnYٰnxăԣ_(ti)yн(jng)(j)о1957-1971ꣻ
ܲn_(ti)W(xu)D^1993-2007gѳ24е116Ԙ(gu)ȫ1724Ԟ¾һಿm(x)2008A(y)¾2528
Ĵʡn^ͿhnRǬ¡n1991棻
ĴW(xu)vʷϵĴʡn^ǬεͿhnxϣĴW(xu)1989棻
ĴW(xu)vʷϵĴʡn^ǬεͿhnx£ĴW(xu)1996棻
w̿}nxЇW(xu)1999
żKΑc̿}(hu)ʷȫԣż2008
StSrVAn{(dio)(bo)棺y(tng)cF(xin)(sh)֮gl(xing)ϡ¾ɳ2004档ڲ֮ʡꖿhnҲֳ
[102] Їоں̶ܴX@N·ʷ·(sh)ҕ˾n\(yn)עW(xu)Ƽȡ`ԔҊ(dng)Ͻ(jng)(j)Ї̘I(y)ɡ_(ti)ψD湫˾2008档
[103] |xЇҊSЇоķʽ}ӑՓ(hu)ƌW(xu)īI(xin)20032퓡
[104] ΣKY}ֱڡ
[105] ˹һԊ(jng)ˌԸo҂һNI(lng)eǘӰԼ壡Ǿ͕(hu)ȥSҲ(hu)˼y롱Ҋ˹ʭӡ루Ӣ˹˹ԊxgČW(xu)1998棬106
d_ŕr(sh)20086һ(g)ԔMİ汾SꐿVAnl(f)Їķɡ(hu)cĻɳ2009档
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