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l(f)r(sh)g:2020-05-22 Դ: c(din)

R˹(Robert E. Lucas)"A(y)"W(xu)ɵĹ,1995õZؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)(jing)ίT(hu)ijJ(rn).ӛúҮڽ1974Zؐ(jing)r(sh)˂,κ֪R(sh)ֻǾֲЧ,Zؐ(jing)ΣU(xin)ʹ(hu)äĿijһNֲЧ֪R(sh)ĶL(zhng)EÙ(qun)(xF(xin)xм҂,҂F(xin)֪֪R(sh)Ǚ(qun),"ԒZ"ę(qun)).pϣ(Woody Allen)IJu(png)xW˹(jing)đB(ti).^,Ȼ1995Zؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)(jing),Ҳ}l(f)],˽BR˹Ĺ֮C(j),l(f)]һҌ(du)(jng)(j)W(xu)ڵĻ}Ŀ.

@ƪ·ֳ(ji).һ(ji)CR˹˵Ҫ,@Щַ"","","",?yn)„֪ZؐίT(hu)(jing)(l)"l(f)չ͑(yng)A(y)ڼO(sh),ɴ˸׃˺^(jng)(j)҂(du)(jng)(j)ߵ˽"(<(bo)>19951011),(j)ҵ@DZR˹""Ĺ,ֱQ錦(du)P˹x"R˹".ڶ(ji)u(png)r(ji)R˹"A(y)"W(xu)(g)(jng)(j)W(xu)еĵλ.(ji)ӑՓ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ļ}Լ˽Q@Щ},(jng)(j)W(xu)δ.@(gu)^"е".

һ. (du)P˹^(jng)(j)"R˹"

R˹,1937(gu)AʢD,1959֥ӸW(xu)õvʷW(xu)W(xu)ʿ,1964֥ӸW(xu)õ(jng)(j)W(xu)ʿ.1970ڿ(ni)-÷¡W(xu)õšλ,1974֥ӸW(xu)ν.

ҿ,(ni)-÷¡W(xu)ɵ(Herbert Simon,1978@Zؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)(jing)),y(tng)ķӰ(jng)߅?q)W(x)^ăλĿǰĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)---R˹,ķɭ(Oliver Williamson, ƶȽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ҫ).(ni)-÷¡L(fng)"W(xu)Ժ"L(fng),һՓ(yng)(dng)кϽ(jng)(j),(hu),ĬF(xin)(sh),˿(ni)-÷¡W(xu)עОW(xu)ͽMՓо.""O(sh)뽛(jng)(j)W(xu),ͬr(sh)XбҪ"_"o(jng)(j)׃.ɵăƪՓČ(du)R˹ڵокܴӰ,һƪӑՓ_r„(dng)B(ti)Ҏ(gu),һƪC(jng)(j)W(xu)еěQՓ(ҊHerbert Simon, "the dynamic programming under uncertainty with a quadratic criterion function." Econometrica 24(1956):74-81;"theories of decision-making in economics." American Economic Review 49(June 1959):253-283.)

R˹ڵо(ʮеʮ)چ΂(g)I(y)͆΂(g)I(y)(yu)ͶY}(ҊR˹,1965,"distributed lags and optimal investment policy"; 1966,"optimal investment with rational expectations", in Lucas and Sargent, eds., London:George Allen & Unwin, 1981),@ڮ(dng)r(sh)(ʮ)Ľ(jng)(j)W(xu)ϵ͹W(xu)Ժһ(g)Ҫо,ܵ(jng)(j)W(xu)T,_(Kennith Arrow,һՓcϣ˹һ@1972Zؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)(jing)),̽ɭ(Dale Jorgenson, ),Īϸ(Franco Modigliani,1985@Zؐ(jing),ʮڿ(ni)-÷¡ν,KšMIT),(Eugene Fama),ϣ(Zvi Griliches,,ʮν֥ӸW(xu))˹Ƅ(dng).ǂ(g)I(lng)Ǒ(yng)(yu)ՓĻS(chng)(԰_оȌ(do)).űR˹(dng)r(sh)õǷN(dng)B(ti)Ҏ(gu)ʼKSՓ,"A(y)"W(xu)ɼ"º^(jng)(j)W(xu)"ڰʮĩƳһTvڄ(dng)B(ti)(jng)(j)W(xu)"fƷ"Ĵ^,Щ_ևd(jng)(j)y(tng)L(zhng)Ľ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҵİ(Ҋ Nancy Stoky and Robert Lucas, .W(xu)1989).ұ(Ї(gu)ƌW(xu)Ժ(sh)W(xu)Tʿ,(yu)ՓI(y),Y),ԲJ(rn)DZ(dng)B(ti)(jng)(j)W(xu)˼ıҪʽ.

΂(g)I(y)(yu)ͶY}ɞ鮔(dng)r(sh)^(jng)(j)W(xu)оğc(din),?yn)?(1)P˹ĺ^(jng)(j)ՓJ(rn)ʮ(jng)(j)ΣC(j)a(chn)"Ч",ͶYҪ(dng)(P˹<ͨՓ>ĻO(sh)֮һ"M(fi)T"O(sh),ҲfڿM(fi)IJ(x)T׃(dng),(du)֮,YͶY׃(dng)ӳ˽(jng)(j)(dng)).DŽP˹]ͶYߵĄ(dng)C(j),{ֱXͶY(dng)C(j)ֳɃɲ."԰l(f)ͶY",ܵY"ҰF_(dng)(animal spirit)"(q)ʹ.ͶY߻ڌ(du)Ј(chng)̖(ho)(׃,r(ji)׃,a(chn)ֵL(zhng)ȵ)^ͶYQ҂Q֮"ͶY".SP˹xڑ(zhn)ijɹ,(du)ͶY(dng)C(j)о,Ķ⽛(jng)(j)m(x)L(zhng)ԭ,Ǒ(zhn)(jng)(j)W(xu)혺Ȼx.Ǯ(dng)(jng)(j)W(xu)҂оͶYcL(zhng)ĸNؕr(sh),Ӣ(gu)(gu)ČW(xu)g(sh)˼y(tng)֮gl(f)ˇ(yn)ط,ʷQ"ɂ(g)"֮(zhng)(һ(g)Ӣ(gu)W(xu),P˹x󱾠I(yng),J(rn)Ј(chng)wЇ(yn)ȱݲc䲻ƽP(gun)“(lin);һ(g)(gu),ʡW(xu)Ժ͹W(xu)ڵ,¹ŵ佛(jng)(j)W(xu)󱾠I(yng),ڷ֮ǰ]ʲô̵˼wϵ).(zhng)ՓĽc(din)YՓ,YՓ,(zhng)Փ׺漰(hu)ͽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ȫI(lng),ʮm(x)ʮ.x߿ԅ(Frank Hahn,(jng)(j))cR˹(R.C.O. Mathews)ľC"(jng)(j)L(zhng)Փ"("the theory of economic growth: a survey". Economic Journal (December 1964).ϵӑՓ˱R˹ܽĵһ(g)󱳾.(2)ͶYcЈ(chng)̖(ho)P(gun)ϵ,ǏĹŵ佛(jng)(j)W(xu)Ђ^"ٶԭ"(J(rn)ͶY~هڿL(zhng)~),ڑ(zhn)ǰĽ(jng)(j)оѽ(jng)y(tng)رJ(rn)"a(chn)^ʣ"ͽ(jng)(j)ڵ.ܺ(jin):(dng)L(zhng)r(sh),Փǃr(ji)̖(ho),߅H(rn),̖(ho)(Р(zhng)Փ),߀ǰpȥ(x)TM(fi)ʣĿɹͶYĻ,(yng)L(zhng),ͶYߞ׷(rn)ͶY.˵ͶY,ՄP˹Ľ,M(jn)뿂,a(chn)"˔(sh)Ч(yng)"(ʼT³ʼĹo,ǹoͬr(sh)a(chn)ˌ(du)ͶƷ,@ڶTµڶӹo,˟o,@ЩһՔ,ôʹһ(g)1Č(sh)(sh),ÿһλӵ@(g)o^(chung)µ),ҲM(jn)һ˿.@(g)ٵ\(yn)(dng)(hu)һֱM(jn),ֱ(g)(jng)(j)ÛijNYԴ(؛Źo)ƞֹ.һU(ku)ֹͣ,(rn)½,ͶY͕(hu)sp,γɷļ\(yn)(dng),һֱ(g)(jng)(j)½ijN"׾"ס(YƷȻĴM,F(xin)µЈ(chng)L(zhng)).Ȼ_ʼµѭh(hun).@(g)y(tng)^(do),ͶY}ͳ˽(jng)(j)(dng)оĺĆ},һ,(dng)c(jng)(j)̖(ho)IJ_ԽoͶYՓµĆ}.Œ(sh),԰Ɲ(Robert Eisner)׵I(y)ͶYcƏV˵ļٶԭоo˱R˹оܴӰ.(3)ͶY}ĕr(sh)gҪʹh(yun)_ևdʮ˵İR.RЪoB(ti)(f)sĄ(dng)B(ti).ԇһ(g)(jin)εĹ:õһ(g)¹(ji)sXڵһ(g)µĵһIˌ‚(g)µڵyдC(bank CD).(yu)Qߑ(yng)(dng)DZ^ƒɼ,,ŗһЩ,ҲһЩ"Ҹ",@"ɱ",㲻ͶY,ԭЩҸ.,ŗҸ,ڵڶ(g)½o㎧һϢ,Ҳ㌢ܵҸ,@"".ěQʹpȥɱijNͶY_(d)ֵ,΄(w)ҵǷN(yu)ͶY.oB(ti),@(g)(yu)DZCδϢõ"߅HЧ"(ϢoһλҸ)ŗߵ"߅HЧ"(ŗһλҸ)ǂ(g).(sh)`,ͨ^Լăr(ji)ֵД(sh)(yn)خһM"o"(Լ(dng)ijһĬF(xin)ҸδҸr(sh),ŗµҸQȡһ(g)λδҸ,@ܵҸ(du)(yng)ǂ(g)oڌ(du)(yng)ڬF(xin)ҸcδҸ̎б,㌢܉ڬF(xin)ҸδҸƽֱ(bio)ϵЮһMÿһ(g)c(din)̎б),ȻĿǰеĬF(xin)cδҸһc(din),Լ,˓QȡϢһ(g)λҸ,ԸŗنλĬF(xin)Ҹ?@(g)cȵǂ(g)oбغ,ҵһ(g)oB(ti)(yu).F(xin)҂@(g)΢׃һ:O(sh)ÿһyеM(fi)Տ(f)Ӌ(j)㵽‚(g)?lin)QȡϢ.F(xin)Ć}(f)sĶ,?yn)^yеM(fi)a(chn)^Ϣ,һ,^yҲ^طŗ͵Ҹ.Ԟ˱^,㑪(yng)(dng)оx첻ͬr(sh)gҸijN۬F(xin)NF(xin),ȻͶYʹĬF(xin)ֵӋ(j)pȥɱ_(d)ֵ.ԭf,voB(ti)Ȼ@Nr,dz韩.҂ͨʹÄ(dng)B(ti),ֻҪһ(g)NF(xin)ֵӋ(j)㹫ʽÿһ(xing)ɱY(ji)M(jn)ȥ,γһ(g)^"F(xin)(net cash flow)".ͶYQ߾@(g)F(xin)ĬF(xin)ֵ.@(^ͶY)dzϤķ.@Nĕr(sh)gcYՓʹõ(yu)Փһ.@DZR˹ڹĵ(g)󱳾.

fR˹A(y)ڷķ,҂òfһ(yu)ՓҪQĻ}.Ĺ@ʾǘ,^Q,ÿһ(g)r(sh),Q˱횲ȡһ(g)"Є(dng)",(dng)r(sh)g]ĕr(sh)ڵ_ʼr(sh)c(din)r(sh),ҪQһBЄ(dng).҂Q@һBЄ(dng)һ(g)""һ(g)"".Qͨÿ(g)r(sh)̿Sx,Ǐ@S(g)r(sh)ϵxԽMϳS෽(ڃɂ(g)r(sh)̸Ѓɂ(g)x,ôԽM4(g)ͬ;(g)r(sh)̸(g)x,ôԽM27(g)ͬIJ,ͨ,ԵĔ(sh)ȿɹxЄ(dng)ö).(yu)Փо˱Ŀܷҵ(yu)Щ("(yu)"ǃF(xin)ֵ,ǿЧ,κΌ(du)Ӌ(j)x"Ŀ(bio)").x߿ܕ(hu)ԞȻ:F(xin)Ӌ(j)C(j)κΔ(sh)Ŀķһ(g)һ(g)ԇЩ(yu)ā.䌍(sh)Ȼ.Ї(gu)ڰ˂(g)"Ӌ(j)"һ(g)c(din)о(xing)ĿЇ(gu)ƌW(xu)ԺAW(xu)׵Ďʮ"c(din)ԺУ"_l(f)һ(g)"ϵy(tng)O(sh)Ӌ(j)ܛ",Д(sh)W(xu)҂ŬĿ(bio)֮һnj҃(yu)㷨.(dng)Ї(gu)(gu)Ӌ(j)ίT(hu)ڰʮԇDӋ(j)δʮ(yu)˿ʕr(sh),l(f)F(xin)M(jn)Ӌ(j)C(j)h(yun)h(yun)ÁӋ(j)""r(sh)c(din)İgֲ˿ڿ^̮a(chn)Ĕ(sh)֮Ŀܷ.@(g)Œ(sh)dzҪ,?yn)ڵĺҮ˷?du)Ӌ(j)(jng)(j)֮һ@N(hu)Ӌ(j)"".҂?c)ڵ?ji)߀Ҫ,x\(yn)(dng)ʼKҪc֮(du)y֮һ(""O(sh))f^,]܉ˏ(f)sӋ(j).

F(xin)ڿԽB"R˹",@""Ĺ(ʮʮ).@(g)ցԱR˹Լ,"Ӌ(j)(jng)(j)u(png)r(ji):һN"("econometric policy evaluation: a critique," in , Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy.(c(din)̎xһ)

North-Holland, 1976).@ƪՓ,˄P˹xDЈ(chng)(jng)(j)(dng)һܙC(j){(dio)(ji)ĺ^(jng)(j).ĬF(xin)ՓǶȿ,R˹^c(din)Լ˼(ҊLucas,1972,"expectations and the neutrality of money",Journal of Economic Theory 4:103-124; 1975,"an equilibrium model of the business cycle",Journal of Political Economy 83:1113-44),Էɂ(g)ց.,κ߶c˽˲T֮gIJ.pDЌ(du)(yu).˽˲T(dng)ɱ(dng)"C(j)",ߵĻO(sh)ѽ(jng)e(cu)`.(dng)ƶ^ҕc˽˲T֮gIJȕr(sh),ÿһ(g)(؛ߵĸ׃,{(dio),(sh)͹Y,(hu)_֧ȵ),ѽ(jng)˽˲T(zhn)_A(y)Ҋ,tߵ"؛Ч(yng)"ʧ,픶,Č(sh)|(zh)׃,"|(zh)"Є(dng),(hu)a(chn)ͬһ(g)˽˲T"|(zh)"Є(dng)һӵĽ(jng)(j)Ч(yng).,؛ߌ"",(hu)a(chn)κ|(zh).ؔ(ci)_֧|(zh)c˽˲T(jng)(zhng)YԴ,a(chn)^"DЧ(yng)(crowding out effect)",ÿһԪ_֧Ј(chng)DȥһԪX˽_֧.Y(ji)_֧HH˽˻X.{֪,׌eԼԼX,ԼԼXĹ(ji)s.κ,Փ؛ŵ߀nj(sh),(hu)a(chn)(hu)Ч.@(g)ՓC,(jng)(yn)(sh)(j)C(sh),(dng)Ȼnj(du)P˹(jng)(j)W(xu)ش,ԷQ"R˹".,Փ횽ጞʲôڑ(zhn)_(sh)F(xin)˳m(x)s,ǷcP˹P(gun)ϵ;P(gun)ϵ,Փν.DZR˹ҪM(jn)܏(qing)"_"Աa(chn)^?quot;@Ӡ"Ч(yng).ʹʲôSC(j)^̷,ֻҪxһ(g)ԒĹ(J(rn)@DZR˹"uZģ"):(gu)ͨ^ԽԒӢZָʾ۵ĹƱ(jng)o(j)IuƱ,֪Ԓ .O(sh)IuɷNƱ,?c)ڹƱЈ?chng)ϵӋ(j)C(j)̖(ho)aքe15(ĕr(sh)IM(jn))50(ĕr(sh)u).@r(sh) (jng)o(j)f,̖(ho)15ĹƱͻȻ,(hu)ƒɷNO(sh).һ,(sh)HϽ(jng)o(j)fǴ̖(ho)50ĹƱ.ڶ,fĴ_(sh)15̖(ho).㑪(yng)(dng)Ӌ(j),,Ӌ(j)һµ e(cu)ĿǶ.,e(cu)ĿԲ,Ӌ(j)IM(jn)15̖(ho)ƱĔ(sh),MʹٍX^?yn) e(cu)̝pX.,J(rn)@Ԓ e(cu)Ŀஔ(dng)(ӽٷ֮ʮ),x"Є(dng)",ȺĽ(jng)o(j)˵ڶ΁Ԓ.(jng)^ͨԒ,㿂J(rn)_Ϣ.R˹X,P˹ڃ(ni)Ч,Ǿ?yn)Ј?chng)дڴ"Ԓ"ʹ˽ ̖(ho).(dng)(sh)˽?yn) ?ho)ŗЄ(dng)r(sh),ஔ(dng)cһ(g)ȫ(dng)ęC(j),Ժ׌(sh)"(yu)"_(d)A(y)Ч.Ǯ(dng)˂(f) ȡ̖(ho),KڸDr(sh),Ⱦֻص(dng)֮gIJ,Ҳһֽጵr.(zhn)󷱘sĴr(ji),˲"@Ӡ"Ч(yng),횲ʹԼߏ(qing)(j).҂^쵽(gu)ؔ(ci)Լٶ,KyԞ^.@DŽP˹ʽ(jng)(j)ߵĴr(ji).

R˹@Щʹɞ"A(y)"W(xu)ɵҪ.ʹ@(g)W(xu)ɵĹ܉(jng)(j)W(xu)Ątǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)󎟷(Milton Friedman,@1976Zؐ(jing)),mȻ"A(y)"ɵČW(xu)߿•QӋ(j)(jng)(j)W(xu)Ľ˹(John Muth,"rational expectations and the theory of price movements". Econometrica 29(6),1961)(q).1968"؛ߵ"("the role of monetary policy". American Economic Review LVIII(1), 1968)ѽ(jng)f˞ʲôP˹x؛ֻԮa(chn)"@Ӡ"Ч(yng)."A(y)"ڷﱻM(fi)ѩ(Irving Fisher)Ч(yng).M(fi)ѩͶYՓ(gu)掟,A(y)ڌW(xu)fdzu˱WW(xu)ɱo(j)Ĵ,Ųِ(Knut Wicksell)ϢՓ.^"(sh)|(zh)"xʜpȥA(y)ڵͨÛ(һB(ti)).ڌ(du)P˹\(yn)(dng),ֻз˼,,ZԲ@(du)ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)y(tng)ijЮ(dng).

R˹ڰl(f)"A(y)"ɵͬr(sh),׺RϾ_ʼ""(ʮ)Ĺ.@?yn)gՓϵ“(lin)ϵ.,ͶY}ֱӾǽ(jng)(j)L(zhng)c(dng)оI(lng)еҪn}.DZR˹ڷP˹؛ߵͬr(sh),ڽ(jng)(j)L(zhng)c(dng)Փչ_"A(y)"˼.S,Ą(dng)B(ti)Փؐˠ(Gary Becker)P(gun)Yڽ(jng)(j)L(zhng)еشõ˼.@,"(jng)(j)l(f)չęC(j)"("mechanics of economic development").@ЩʹR˹ɞ½(jng)(j)l(f)չՓҪ.҂(g)Ԟ,ڵĹʵ.@Щѽ(jng)19951,2,3,4<ň(bo)ؔ(ci)(jng)¿>BdD(zhun)^.

. (jng)(j)W(xu)е"x"\(yn)(dng)

SR˹һ(ji)չ_,҂(jng)(j)W(xu)һֱ,ҷQ"x"\(yn)(dng).,R˹ؕI(xin)ֻ@һNҕ²ſøh(yun),ͬr(sh)o҂ijN(du)δl(f)չA(y)Ҋ.@һ(ji)@ӵ˼·չ_.

R.RЪڞF(xin)(jng)(j)r(sh)]ጬF(xin)(sh)Ѓɂ(g)˼·.һM(jn)Փ,"︂(jng),m"Ҏ(gu),҂ҪO(sh)""ҲԽጬF(xin)(hu)F(xin)."",""O(sh),҂߉݋fF(xin)(hu)F(xin).RЪx˺.Ĵ,(jng)(j)_ʼx\(yn)(dng).@(g)\(yn)(dng)ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Դ¿ɷ(g)A.һAΏRЪ<(jng)(j)W(xu)ԭ>,o(j)ʮֹ(?yn)_ևd<(jng)(j)A(ch)>).ڶAΏʮʮĩ,v(jng)ʮ.AΏľʮ_ʼ,߀dδ.

RЪķ^ֲķ҂ҊĹo.Փעһ(g)Ј(chng)ϵľ⼰Ӱ푾ĸN(RЪĂ(g)"T"F(xin)DŽڄ(dng)(jng)(j)W(xu)Ҫ(ni)).ʲôRЪ˼O(sh)l(f),ͱض(do)Ŀ?@?yn)?"ضxµ.ԇ(dng)]κxؕr(sh)(mȻ@Ǻyr),αF(xin)?(dng)]xr(sh),"","".ٝͬԼO(sh),?yn)ǰ˵?x.

(dng)xбF(xin)ԕr(sh),κһT(sh)CƌW(xu)Ҫ^쵽@NО.㲻Լڶ(g)},һ(g)˵Оh(yun)y,ǰì,ȫSC(j),ô^쵽"x"?һ(g)h(yun)^첻,Č(sh)CǶȿ,Dzf"".һ(g)ˮ(dng)О_ʼһ,,Ŀĕr(sh),܌W(xu)x_ʼF(xin)"".ӛס,P˹ijɫV҂,RЪHД(sh)W(xu),(jng)"߼(j)܌W(xu)".(dng)r(sh)齛(jng)(j)W(xu)Ďλ,õ܌W(xu)B(yng),tDzɰѽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ĺŵ"܌W(xu)"I(lng)зxDʹ.

^y(c),?q)C,Ҫ(jng)(j)W(xu)횶ֻо"",ֻ̎ھB(ti)˵ОǷ(wn),űF(xin)"".Ҫӛ,(dng)R(L. Klein,Ӌ(j)(jng)(j)оጄP˹Փ@1980Zؐ(jing))(zhn)ιӋ(j)l(f)r(sh)(Qknjһ(g)^"׃"gӵث@Ҫ^׃Ϣ),Ć}ڹoSr(sh)gƄ(dng)."(wn)",@҂?ni)Ҫ?҂^X(sh)̫g̫,(du)D(zhun)˲ŵĬF(xin)҂ֻܸе.

ǽ(jng)RЪľʼKܵһ,M(jn)Փ(zhn).(du)ֱ^F(xin)(sh)(jng)(j)ˁf,׃@.L(zhng),a(chn)ƷĶӻ,(hu)ĸ,˿ڷ,Ј(chng)U(ku),Լ(zhn)(zhng)ķ׃(dng).ܱ(Joseph Schumpeter),Ү(F. Hayek),(F. Knight),,X(Alfred Chandler),Ϳ(Nikolas Kaldor)ȴ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҵu(png).RЪՓһֱʮĩ,_ևd(䲩ʿՓ)ȫϵy(tng)ظʹ÷Ĕ(sh)W(xu)."ʹ÷",@P(gun)Ҫ,ஔ(dng)"",һ(g)ĹҪ߸ܳɞҪ.ڽĽ̿ƕ(R˹1990<΢^(jng)(j)W(xu)̳>),_ևdķѽ(jng)"ˆ"Ӌ(j)C(j),˂Բ(dng)XӾ͵õһзY(ji).@NҪc(din):Ȱһ(g)xRĿxĖ|"׃",RIJxһr(sh)ɸ׃Щ|"".Ȼv^ķ(sh)(yn)ҵЧú(sh),ʲôĿ(bio)(sh),ڽoą(@Щͨ^ijN“(lin)ϵs׃ȡֵ),׃(yu)ֵ.@Щ(yu)ֵ"".һ(yn)C@ЩǷ_(sh)ʹĿ(bio)(sh)_(d),Щz(yn)l"Al".һ"^oB(ti)",΢׃(dng)һ…Ĕ(sh)ֵ,׃.@ҲҪIJE.ֻ@һY(ji)҂ܵõͨ^(sh)C^(yn)C}._ևd,ȫM(jn)˽(jng)(j)ķõZؐ(jing),ͬr(sh),҂Փ,Y(ji)˽(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)(dng)ĵһA.

x\(yn)(dng)ĵڶA,_I(lng)(do)"һ"Փ,ʹɞ鹫J(rn)Ľ(jng)(j)Z(ʹ(du)Ԓp໥ıh(hun)).箔(dng)҂Մ"Ч","(yu)","(gu)a(chn)ֵ"Ȇ}r(sh),ѽ(jng)O(sh)һĸ."ԼO(sh)"l(f)չ@һAξcՓ.²(G. Debreu,һՓõ1983Zؐ(jing))Cһ(Ј(chng)ϵľͬr(sh)(sh)F(xin))Ĵ,õǿ᲻(dng)c(din).Փм{ʲĴҲõͬһ(g)(dng)c(din)(ĵȃr(ji)).@ߵĺĆ}һӵ:ÿ(g)Ј(chng)ϵĹo_(d)ėlهЈ(chng)Ϲo_(d)r(sh)ĠB(ti),ôαCеЈ(chng)ͬr(sh)_(d)Եľ?ڲՓ@(g)}׃:ÿ(g)˵(yu)Q߶ه(du)О(ĺͷǾ)œy(c),ôαC˵IJœy(c)ͬr(sh)_(d)ijN"w"?@}?f)W(xu)IJ(dng)c(din)Q(Ҋ<ň(bo)ؔ(ci)(jng)¿>1995Bd).һՓx\(yn)(dng)@һAε,M҂֪ͬr(sh)߀"A(y)"W(xu)ɵƄ(dng).

x\(yn)(dng)ͬr(sh)߀I(lng)d:(dng)B(ti)(jng)(j)W(xu),,ҪܵYՓо(Լʮʮ,ķϣ(Ramsey)(yu)(ch)Փ,̫`(Hotelling)YԴ(yu)Փ)Ƅ(dng);ͥ(jng)(j)W(xu),r(sh)gc½xՓ,@,ؐˠ׵оѽ(jng)֪;ڄ(dng)(jng)(j)W(xu),Ϣģͱ(yu)Փ,˹ٸ(֥ӸW(xu)I(lng),@1982Zؐ(jing));xՓ,ِ"һͨ^"ՓY(ji)"xƱЈ(chng)"O(sh),Բ(James Buchanan,@Ĺõ1986Zؐ(jing))I(lng);ؔ(ci)Փ,ݲض(Charles Tiebout theorem),(c(din)̎xһ)

ˇ(gu)(ni)һՓ,LJ@ΈDȃr(ji)(Ricardo equivalence theorem)չ_ӑՓ,cR˹ĹP(gun),J(rn)(_֧)ȃr(ji)؜p˽_֧,԰_(R. Barro)Ҫ;½(jng)(j)ʷW(xu),J(rn)R(sh)"ū`ƶ"ĺԷ,Ը(Robert Fogel)Ͱ(Y. Barzel)˞׵о;g(sh)M(jn)Փ,,J(rn)鼼g(sh)cƶM(jn)Ј(chng)ҪصϡȱԺЈ(chng)r(ji)T(do)a(chn),Թܺ_(Y. Hayami, and V.W. Ruttan, the school of "induced-institutional change").

@һr(sh),xȻcM(jn)Փ˼뿹?fn)?ؐˠ"Оc(jng)(j)Փ"("irrational behavior and economic theory", Journal of Political Economy February 1962).Sˌ(du)(jng)(j)W(xu)"ԼO(sh)"u(png)΢^ăɂ(g)Ҫ(du)---ͥI(y),(TɵȁОW(xu)͹W(xu)о,ܱ،W(xu)<(jng)(j)׃wM(jn)Փ>᠖ɭ(Richard Nelson)(Sidney Winter))J(rn)I(y)Qߌ(sh)HϲԵ,Д,Ϣռȵȵ,QҎ(gu)t(x)TL(zhng)Чĺ(jin)Ҏ(gu)t(rule of thomb).ؐˠĻ?f)?(jng)(j)W(xu)ԼO(sh)ֻǹԵ,ֻǼO(sh)"ѽ(jng)^쵽һMО,ôcЩ;?yn)NNԭom(x),Ķo^쵽О,@Щ^쵽ОضǿȥԵО".Լͥx,Ѓͥ,һǺyX,SC(j)M(fi);һt΢^(jng)(j),м(x)Ӌ(j)ÿһXЧ.ôǧԺ,(dng)҂^@(g)(hu)r(sh),҂߀ܿЩSC(j)M(fi)ļͥ?oɆяĵʧ.ʧ?yn)om(yng)h(hun),@_(sh)M(jn).Ǟ˷,҂O(sh)ʧ?yn)].@N(du)"",Km\(yn)(dng)Ľ(jng)(yn)x܌W(xu)Į(David Hume)<Փ>,<Փ>ѽ(jng)_.x߿ԏĮаl(f)F(xin),ߵĸh(yun),J(rn)(j)˿,(dng)繷,Ҳ(?yn)Ҳ?m"ܱ^쵽).scؐˠͬr(sh),Ҳl(f)ƪ,"_,M(jn),c(jng)(j)W(xu)",ԏl(f)֥Ӹ,SC(j)x܇·һȺ܇,ՓCcؐˠһӵĵ---ОضȥԵ.

^"ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)y(tng)"ָĮ́(dng).˹ܰl(f)˵Ľ(jng)(yn)x܌W(xu)A(ch)ϵĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)y(tng).@һy(tng),(ni)ڵJ(rn)R(sh)Փ,ضǹŵx(ͬڬF(xin)x˼).ܽ(jng)^ˊWW(xu)ɺ֥ӸW(xu)ɵİl(f)չ,ɞx(jng)(j)W(xu).

AǏİʮĩՓ،(jng)(j)W(xu)_ʼ.ӛúҮRKǰһЌ^,(du)Փоһ.P(gun)ڲՓ,xѽ(jng)(hu)е,?yn)?994격Փҫ@Zؐ(jing)ԁ,„(bo)(jng)ħ^s?ǂ(g)ԶͶC(j)ĵĴЈ(chng),@,""R(sh)ʼK(do)҂׷(xϣ֪еĵ,ԅҌϰl(f)"e,eЈ(chng)").Փ,ՓĿǰ(hu)ƌW(xu)оʹõõĹ.

(dng)x\(yn)(dng)ѽ(jng)(j)W(xu)҂Ϣ(hu)ľʮr(sh),l(f)F(xin)̎Ď׺н(jng)(j)}(yng)(dng)Ե˂֮gM(jn)ЛQߵĆ}.1978,W(xu)˼I(lng),᠖ؐ(Daniel Bell)͌,V҂,ں󹤘I(y)(hu),҂惺һ(chng)"c֮gIJ"(Daniel Bell,, Basic Books, 1978).(jng)(j)W(xu)ѽ(jng)ڕr(sh)!

R˹(David Kreps),@(g)pIJՓ"ˎ"I(lng),(yng)(dng)ceĬ(Ken Binmore,W(xu)(jng)(j)W(xu),ՓA(ch)о),ɞJ(rn)R(sh)ՓڵĻ}ČW(xu).̫,@ﲻһһг,x߿ԅ:R˹,<Փc(jng)(j)ģ>(,Oxford University Press,1990),eĬ,<Փc(hu)s>(,MIT Press,1994,һ).ڲՓо,ZؐίT(hu)(sh)Ǻ̫ĽܳؕI(xin)(Rober Aumann, John Shapley, Herbert Scarf, Martin Shubik,...).Œ(sh)ֻм{ʲ(John Nash)ǷNŵ(ߏ(qing))_ԵĹ(ЩHHǹPӛ)ʹ(dng)֮o@(g)I(lng)(q).돊(qing){(dio),x(John Harsanyi)(du)κ͵܌W(xu)P(gun),ʹɞѲՓ(yng)(hu)}о(q).

҂,ZؐίT(hu)1995Ī(jing)(xing)o˱R˹""Ĺ,x\(yn)(dng)ďVxϿ,@ֻ1994격ՓõZؐ(jing).

. (du)е---ԵĘO

@ƪஔ(dng)L(zhng)u(png)ՓµĽY(ji)Z,댦(du)(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)(dng)һ(jin)u(png)r(ji).,ڵĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)҂,^Į_(chung)Ľ(jng)(yn)܌W(xu)y(tng)(ԼյCx),""O(sh)һN""չһNO˵ľ.ؐˠڵ½(jng)(j)L(zhng)ģ͞(Ҋ<ň(bo)ؔ(ci)(jng)¿>1995ϰBd),ؐˠģ,һL(zhng)ڛQߕr(sh)ʹõ^"Чú(sh)(dynastic utility)".҂,ؐˠ(j)ͬӵ,M(jn)Փr(sh)---Щ܉҂^쵽ļ""һǿȥԵ,݅݅Чú(sh)ļ.Ǯ(dng)҂?c)ڲՓԇDؐˠ^c(din)r(sh),҂(hu)韩.

R˹eĬԔ(x)ӑՓ˼{ʲx,ĽY(ji)Փ,ǰ݅(R. Aumann)Ŀһ,Ȼ:^""ֻ^ǴҶJ(rn)@Ȼ,ΑһN惺.ôʲôԭʹҶJ(rn)@ͬһN惺"@Ȼ"?R˹<΢^(jng)(j)W(xu)̳>(A Course in Microeconomic Theory>, Princeton University Press, 1990)410-417eN.,@ЩKه˂֪R(sh)y(tng).@ԼоQ"֪R(sh)Y(ji)(gu)".

eһ(g)f,"Փ"(Ҋǰ<ň(bo)ؔ(ci)(jng)¿>),ɂ(g)֪οԽoĺ̎,?ni)Ȼx""IJ,{ʲ.ÿһ(g)˵^̶ǟoԵ:x"",ҵʲô?ұضҲx"".(j)ʲôxcҺ?ضҌx"".ʲôҌx""""?ضJ(rn)x"".(j)ʲôҌx""?ضJ(rn)Ҍ(hu)Ҍx""....?,Ÿo޶"".x܉@(g)o޵^̆?Hx,BD(R. Selten,1994Zؐ(jing))ҲJ(rn)Բ@ôo޵΄(w).ô҂?ni)Ό?du)ؐˠǂ(g)xqo(h)?ؐˠ(ԼR˹)xģ,˵ֻҪӋ(j)obh(yun)Čijɱc.@ؐˠͰՓCĹcM(jn)̭^̵ȃr(ji)ĵǿԽܵ.Ǯ(dng)҂оĿc֮gIJȕr(sh),ص׵ԼO(sh)Ҫȸğo.һNo޵"ɼ,˼"ķ(f)^.҂ؐˠͰʵՓCf:Щڵ,^쵽О,һǾ,ȥһԵĽY(ji).ô҂͵ȡ˲ՓоĿ.dž?ՓW(xu)҂P(gun)ĵSܵľ,˂(hu)ͣЩB(ti).҂ĿҪҵГ(j)ųһЩܵľB(ti),J(rn)һЩܳF(xin)ľB(ti).҂ȫo"ǴڵıǺ"@ڸʽՓC.Y(ji)Փ:"ؐˠ-qo(h)"ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)(dng)IJՓAȫoЧ.

F(xin)׌҂վһ(g)Խ(jng)(j)W(xu)ČӴ΁@(g)(jng)(j)W(xu)x.ھSҲСMĺ˹أRյĕr(sh),܌W(xu)֪R(sh)ՓČW(xu)߾ѽ(jng)ǂ(g)x^ʹIJՓ^"֪ͬR(sh)(common knowledge)".ùW(xu)Y܌W(xu)ҿ(W.V. Quine, , Harvard University Press,1992)g(sh)Z,(dng)J(rn)"֪"ĕr(sh),֪ij.(dng)J(rn)"֪֪"ĕr(sh),ѽ(jng)_J(rn)"֪"@.^"֪R(sh)"Kʾ@(g),K(P)=֪,K(K(P))ʾ֪֪.ՓCf:K(K(K(P)))=K(K(P)).QԒf,҂]бҪoFf"֪֪֪...",Ҳf,҂fɴ"֪"ǵ_(d)һ(g)"(dng)c(din)",Ǿ.

DzгF(xin)Ć}؏(f)fٴ"֪֪",؏(f)"֪֪".@ǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)xy.ìF(xin)W(xu)(chung)˺(E. Husserl)g(sh)Z,@"wg(intersubjectivity)",ָQһ֪R(sh)(dng)J(rn)_r(sh),ǷeҲJ(rn)_.҂֪@(g)}ҲǾSҲСM܌W(xu)Ҡ(zhng)ՓĽc(din).ֻͨ^F(xin)܌W(xu)ĬF(xin)W(xu)T(纣¸񠖺_)Ŭ,"wg"ȱʧa(chn)"F(xin)ΣC(j)",ųˮ(dng)(hu)˼P(gun)ĵĺĆ}.

һ,(hu)W(xu)(gu)W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼ˿׵(Augustu Comte)¿˺ķ(Emile Durkheim),‡(gu)W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼf,(hu)W(xu)Ҳ,ѽ(jng)(qing)Ҹܵ(hu)M(jn)F(xin)r(sh)ǷN"(hu)A(ch)߽"ʧđB(ti).ʲô|(hu)A(ch)߽?ʲôһ(g)(hu)ĻA(ch)?@Щ}(hu)W(xu)󎟂о}(ͬx߿ɅҊJonathan Turner,,5th ed.,Wadsworth Publishing,1991).(hu)˼҂˼õY(ji)Փ:֪R(sh)ķ,ÿ(g)(ڷֹ͌I(y))ռc˲֪ͬR(sh),@˂r(ji)ֵ^ķҰM(jn)һ߽(hu)ĵ¹R(sh).҂(gu)ɭпؿ֪R(sh)ľֲ(W(xu)cW(xu)Clifford Geertz,,Basic Books, 1983)㌏F(tun)ěQǶô.Œ(sh)ĴҲһ(g),֪R(sh)Y(ji)(gu)ʹֲxĽǶ(wɫ,šI(y),(gu),ȵ)ԭ(yng)(dng)ձxķµķ.@҂ΣC(j).

׌ҿY(ji)һ.҂ķǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)I(lng)оõ@ӵӡ:({ʲ)һȺ˵ԽM"(hu)"ĻA(ch),ô@(g)A(ch)ǽڹ֪R(sh).@(g)֪R(sh)ڷ܌W(xu)н"wg",(hu)Փн"¹R(sh)",ںҮ˿"y(tng)",Լон"֪R(sh)Y(ji)(gu)".Փ,@һN"ҹ֪R(sh)Ăy(tng)",ʹ˂?c)Sܵľһ۾ͿЩ"@"惺.ҵxо,ĿǰՓֻ(g)˵F(xin)(du)@(g)}R(sh)˵.eĬ,R˹,ͽB(Andrew Schotter,,Cambridge University Press,1981).˽Q@(g)},(jng)(j)W(xu)횽Y(ji)ǷN"ۇ(gu)x"B(ti),̓ǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҌW(xu)(x),˽҂(jng)(j)W(xu)ʹõ""ĺx,˽"x"x.҂؏^_ʼ,ǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ČW(xu)߂?c)ѽ?jng)҂ṩǰԵ˼,҂һֱԁĆ}"ҕҊ",ҲS?yn)҂ԼČW(xu)g(sh)ΣC(j)δR?

Ŀǰ,ɲՓ،(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)(dng)ڷdδ,Ҳox߽Y(ji)ՓԵĽY(ji)Փ.ҵµĽY(ji)ՓֻǹҌ(du)(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)(dng)ĬF(xin).@Nеķǰѽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Km˼_(chung)Ĺŵxy(tng)ȥ.ϣҵ"е"ཛ(jng)(j)W(xu)һǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ČW(xu)ߵdȤ,(du)(jng)(j)W(xu)δ˼.

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