߿չµĹԿg
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-09 Դ: ժ c(din)
|I(y)W(xu)(hu)W(xu)оڣ߿ 삥kg
ժҪ1990ԁ(qing){(dio)Ј(chng)(jng)(zhng)C(j)cȫxxL(fng)ϯ(g)xڞɘOֻU(ku)(hu)ṩՓ(j)ͬr(sh)Ҳɞ顰P(gun)]ԵĄ(dng)NՓٶȻSǻϵΣC(j)R(sh)һ҂횳J(rn)y(tng)ĹՓܡɇ(do)ę(qun)ԹԣcʽF(xin)(hu)Ĺԡѽ(jng)^r(sh)ڂ(g)xI(y)ռĕr(sh)҂oһN܉˽ĹՓ͟o(sh)F(xin)Եͨ^ͬr(sh)M㡰˽־ԸԌ(sh)`(dng)_µĹgչ܉ʹÿһλЙC(j)(hu)ֱӅcĹԿgɞһ(g)oȵ(hu)W(xu)n}
P(gun)I~Ԇl(f)֧ԮԡgF(tun)w־Ը(dng)(sh)`Ĺg
1.gήs
196070ǰձ(hu)F(xin)^̽ӑ(hu)cP(gun)ϵğᳱNP(gun)Ԇ}оӳF(dng)r(sh)ˌW(xu)eOM(jn)(hu)Փ֮bWԘ(gu)\(yn)(dng)Ҳʮָߝq@Щ\(yn)(dng)cеԽȻͬҪc֮ʽF(xin)һ棬Mܴ(hu)ʹԺĮӄ(dng)r(sh)P(gun)(hu)ĸ̽ӑȻʮֻS
Ȼ1970Ԇ}u˂ҕҰ M(jn)80ԡƺȫձ˵R(sh)ʧˡĪ^ڴxmass democracyĝBҵγɺ͂(g)x@Ӱ⣬80ĭ(jng)(j)r(sh)˽x_ʼձ(hu)֎衰˽¡һNcxġ˽ĕr(sh)˂(du)(g)xğ(do)(hu)\(yn)(dng)ɱήsc׃|(zh)һڂ(g)xصͬr(sh)eOM(jn)Ј(chng)(jng)(zhng)ԭһtγˌй(w)olίнoҵęC(j)K(do)^(q)cط΅f(xi)(hu)gF(tun)wintermediate group(lin)Y(ji)(g)ˣ˽c(hu)֮ý顪˥
@һ1990xص±xеЈ(chng)x̖(ho)īLj(chng)x^±x(hu)܌W(xu)Ј(chng)(jng)(zhng)C(j)ȫ挍(sh)ʩҎ(gu)ƾcp(hu)һ[Ó±xR(sh)ΑB(ti)A(du)ؽ(hu)Ҏ(gu)֏(f)y(tng)ͥcͬwfđfѡx?ci)cfеļmpқQc؟(z)ε̖(ho)ȫЈ(chng)xcȫx[1]@һďص̶ȿáЈ(chng)ԭּx@N(du)Ј(chng)fܵĸ(jng)(zhng)C(j)Ƽȫx힓P(yng)ȫһN緶(ni)U(ku)ɢL(fng)U(xin)О顣ڴ(do)қQc؟(z)εIJı[һɡP(gun)]Ե
ȻSĭ(jng)(j)Լڳm(x)(bio)Ј(chng)fxȫxΣ֮1990𣬡ԏ(f)d\(yn)(dng)ăA_ʼձ̧^[2]cͬr(sh)W(xu)Ҳؽ(hu)ՓӑՓٶȻSc(hu)Փ»Sֲ˂(du)xеġһNP(gun)]Եă(ni)ڄ(dng)ΣC(j)R(sh)һ棬҂ҲòJ(rn)ĹԿܡ(do)ę(qun)ԹcʽF(xin)(hu)ĹԵČ(du)DʽȱɲԡPߌĹԿ顰ԡ(du)\(yn)(dng)ԡČ(du)DʽJ(rn)Θ(gu)@һԵġհĹgɞҪn}⣬y(tng)ĹՓ(x)TڏĶԪ(du)ĽǶȁաc˽P(gun)ϵ(do)һNo߀ԭ顰˽Ĺڂ(g)xI(y)ѝBĽ҂o_һNͬr(sh)˽ġԡҕc(din)ôǟoʹԫ@
µĹgչDZԠ˽r(ji)ǿͨ^܉ͬr(sh)˽־ԸԌ(sh)`(dng)팍(sh)F(xin)
2.˽Ĺ
ͨr£ָһNԽ˽P(gun)ν(jng)(j)γəC(j)ơܵ˂ҕĹԴ¿Ʉ֞ɴ
һǡԡҊԹּȤĹI(y)ԼSo(h)(hu)Y(du)˽O(sh)õС@ֹ˂Q顰ĹһN(qun)(dng)(dng)ĹԡһԻ\(yn)(dng)ԡ@ͨ^_ӑՓ(hu)\(yn)(dng)ȷʽγݛՓԴһNҪfoҵýڵĹc(qun)(du)ʽݛՓԈ(bo)s־ҕȴý_(ti)ĸNݛՓh(hun)\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)Լƽ\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)ڵ͵\(yn)(dng)[3] (zhn)ձ(hu)ĹԆ}ʼK@@Զչ_
籾_^ἰǘ196070(hu)cP(gun)ϵ̽ӑȫձ(hu)(du)Ԇ}P(gun)עڽ(jng)v˷NNKӭSԣ(hu)80ԺScxĝBr(ji)ֵ^ĶӻʽĂ(g)Ի˂(du)ԵğF(xin)@ˡcͬr(sh)c˽ķxtԽl(f)@cȫͬČγ힓P(yng)˽˽x
ĹҪwF(xin)錦(du)c˽(du)ʽF(xin)ġP(gun)עһNc˽£Լ飩ɵĹңP(gun)ע@ЩԽ˽µĆ}ˌ(du)ԵP(gun)ڂ(g)xI(y)ռĽ˂yԡc˽Č(du)ǰĹձʮ˽һ(g)˶Ќ(sh)ܵSԣ(hu)ʹձI(y)͇҃(yu)ȵ(hu)D(zhun)ͳɞ邀(g)˃(yu)(hu)ĺһ˸^һ֮ձ߂ԇ(yn)CđB(ti)Ȍ(du)Ԇ}M(jn)Іɵ(hu)h(hun)ҕȹݛՓH(du)µγɺo(jng)F(xin)(sh)sһNչ[Ʒ㡱M(jn)չʾ
Ŀǰ҂ڴչһNͬr(sh)˽ġ˽ҕcԡ˽(du)ʽF(xin)ġԡͬ҂횏˽ОЌҵ_عԵC(j)ôβ܌(sh)F(xin)@һԸ
(dng)ǰһNQ֮l(f)֧Ԯ͵ĹI(lng)ȡ@ˏVJ(rn)ͬI(lng)־Ը߈F(tun)wNPOǠIMNGOM(dng)g֧Ԯ(dng)M˂c(dng)ijԴˌ(sh)F(xin)(dng)sԮ˵ʽF(xin)ڞϘ(gu)˹ԻA(ch)
־Ը(dng)ּЈ(chng)ṩ^ߵķ(w)Է(w)(jng)Ҫ(du)Ⱥkm(x)˂oڼĕr(sh)õr(sh)(w)⣬(w)ҲЧ^ͶyЈ(chng)҂ԏÿһλ˷Ј(chng)ľ֧Ԯ(dng)@һʽF(xin)l(f)Ԍ(sh)`Оȥҍµ
־Ը(dng)cNPO(dng)@ʾǘӣ֧ԮṩǼԴОԮĿx(sh)F(xin)Ҟǰ@һxv@˽^ڴ˽߱ԮО|(zh)̎톖}ǰģԲͨxϵОڴˣ(g)˵Ҍ(sh)F(xin)ֱc(du)ߵP(gun)ĺ͐o(h)(lin)ϵһҊ֧Ԯ(dng)һNȳ˽ֳԽ˽cߵ(lin)ϵṩC(j)О
|(zh)ܵռ(j)֧ĵλ־ԸԻ(dng)ҕԵĵͣһЩI(y)ڽ(jng)(j)ϫ@óɹ˂(du)ߵʩОڴȻʣȻھS|(zh)A(ch)˂ѽ(jng)|(zh)ؔ(ci)D(zhun)P(gun)עڃr(ji)ֵҌ(sh)F(xin)Ľrl(f)˸Եĸ׃ڴ־Ը(dng)һN_J(rn)Ҵڵě_(dng)ؔ(ci)u(y)͙(qun)ī@
һNͨ^ԮK(sh)F(xin)ҵĄ(dng)C(j)
һN@옷֮@ȻОm˽sО鷶෴҂ȫԌҕһNО־Ը־̎ڲߝqĕr(sh)Mձĭ(jng)(j)Ѷܲ_M(jn)1990`䌍(sh)˔(sh)c|(zh)ܡ˔(sh)֮sʬF(xin)څ(sh)
־Ը־ĸߝq(jng)y(tng)ĹԶԪՓ(do)c\(yn)(dng)ԡԵͨ^ÿһλČ(sh)`ОչṩC(j)
3. gF(tun)w
҂?c)˼Ԇ}r(sh)(jng)c˽֮ýgF(tun)wintermediate groupҪc(din)gF(tun)wڽڂ(g)c(hu)֮gǃߵýֳГ(dn)(lin)Y(ji)c˽؟(z)^Щ^։ԵgF(tun)wɱ˥(sh)ϣ(jng)(du)a(chn)^شӰ푵^(q)cطνMȅ^(q)ԈF(tun)wʧȥһԲH(yng)P(gun)֮߀회@NP(gun)䌍(sh)(sh)̎܉(dn)εģtgF(tun)wĪ
19o(j)~˼п˾SCharles Alexis Henri Clerel de TocquevilleLr(sh)(du)y(tng)gF(tun)wl(f)MĸNY(ji)a(chn)˝dȤĴ(dn)ؓ(f)(lin)Y(ji)(g)c؟(z)εĈF(tun)wϿxϣȻڴ˺һ(g)o(j)ܵIJ(qing)(g)xĝBԼԞĴ(hu)āRʹl(f)_(d)ҵgF(tun)wF(xin)@˥
PԞ飬ǰĽO(sh)yXҵćձgF(tun)wήҵĸԭ@һ߲Hֱӌ(do)ؔ(ci)ΣC(j)wƵĽ߀Lˇ(du)ه@һ֞90ᳫصЈ(chng)(jng)(zhng)x؟(z)εAṩ˿ڌ(sh)(do)⏊(qing)ʳ(jng)(zhng)C(j)ƵЈ(chng)fxڟo(ji)Ƶ?ci)U(ku)қQc؟(z)εʹcˇ(yn)ƉgF(tun)wܵďص׆ʧ
ͨrgF(tun)wָ^(q)ΈF(tun)wNΕ(hu)͵طͬwȈF(tun)wҲ(jng)Áʾ־ԸߣvolunteerMNPONGOdF(tun)wձ߀һӰ푾ʮֻSgF(tun)wИI(y)f(xi)(hu)ИI(y)f(xi)(hu)Г(dn)(qing)Ե؟(z)ͨ^(du)(g)c˽II(y)(do)cֱ(lin)ϵ@ȻИI(y)F(tun)wһNמ顰õgF(tun)w(sh)SИI(y)f(xi)(hu)ȻɞĴԙC(j)(gu)@ӵĈF(tun)woГ(dn)ε؟(z)
҂ҪڳԽЈ(chng)cC(j)ƼƵķܵǰչµĹgògF(tun)wбҪһ(g)ȲЈ(chng)ҲهɵMɵˡ|(zh)Ϣ֧ԮMý߶Ȱl(f)_(d)ĽgF(tun)wĻ(dng)_ʼȫ@Щ˹ȫ(ni)M(jn)һƏV@ȻgF(tun)wĽO(sh)(du)չµĹgʮҪx
҂߀(yng)ԓͥ^(q)ΈF(tun)wͅ^(q)ͬwȂy(tng)gF(tun)wO(sh)(lin)Y(ji)c˽ȫµý°l(f)](yng)еgF(tun)w(du)ڌҕԽO(sh)Ԟ鼺ε˂P(gun)Ҫ(dng)ǰͥΣC(j)gF(tun)w̎ڱ߅ͥ͵طͬw(jng)ԡԡҪgF(tun)wԴM(jn)HgHܽwF(xin)˸ͳ䌍(sh)(g)w鼺ȻSF(xin)(hu)څҲ˽Ԃ(g)xg˥}x_ͬ҂ܺҕc(g)˾oBļͥطͬwľáҪʹ@ЩF(tun)wث@־Ը߈F(tun)wNPOgF(tun)wͱO(jin)o(h)cߣcare mangerȥ֧ԮԮʹ֏(f)(sh)ճI(lng)֧ԮطW(xu)Уͬwąf(xi)empowermentȫ·ʽF(xin)ĻԙC(j)ƣ(c(din)̎xһ)
_صһNHĹԡ
ژ(gu)o߀ԭЈ(chng)Ĺԕr(sh)҂ò˼P(gun)I(ni)֮һ鹫c˽֮ýĹͬԾ(yng)ԓӵĽɫ}Mܾеطļͥ^(q)ͬwNPOcNGOdF(tun)wMͬ_̤(sh)صؽO(sh)cSo(h)cճP(gun)ĵطͬӞ_ȫṩ˗l֮ͬr(sh)dgF(tun)w͂y(tng)gF(tun)wɷչµĹԣͨ^ߵĽY(ji)Ϙ(gu)ȫԵĘ^Ȼɞ҂(gu)21o(j)(hu)r(sh)oرܵҪn}
4.־Ը
1980ԺһƬʧcЈ(chng)ʧָ؟(z)l(f)MĸNԮ(dng)_ʼ־Ը(dng)J(rn)֪ڲهcЈ(chng)ǰṩ^ߵķ(w)Q}ṩһ(g)Ч;
r(sh)ڵ־Ը(dng)ҕһ(g)(bio)־ձ־Ը(dng)ʽQ¼ձyǷNԡϵʹxF(xin)ĚWʽ־Ը(dng)俴ijЩصˡµI(y)ȻgӿF(xin)ľԮ(dng)D(zhun)˂Kܲ_ʼӴԡϵʹʽڵ־Ը(dng)^(dng)r(sh)ϣ־Ըе˂ȫأSҪĻyʹԮ΄(w)˺ܶyˣMԮĿĵ־Ը(dng)ֵôᳫ]ƵęC(j)ƣ˂ͬӌoõwF(xin)
@Ȼ־Ը(dng)ǟoиɓ_ĪᣨSalamon, Lester M.ͬҕЈ(chng)ʧcʧһӣ҂ͬбҪֱ桰־Ըߵʧ־Ը(dng)ڲּԴ.YԴIJ.YԴĹì.x͢.ȱI(y)ԵȆ}[4] Mˣ҂?ni)Ȼ?yng)J(rn)ڵx(sh)ϣMܴڸN}־Ը(dng)]˶ͣDߝq־Ը߈F(tun)woՓڔ(sh)߀Ҏ(gu)ģ϶ȡ˺ܴM(jn)չڴ˱1998ձ(hu)ͨ^ˡضǠI(dng)M(jn)NPO־Ը(dng)ȡЈ(chng)һNȫµ(hu)(du)҂̽ԙC(j)ƾҪ?yn)ֹ־Ը?dng)҂߀]ҵκ܉˽չЧ;
־Ը(dng)Ԯ˞ǰОLԁһֱОķվ(hu)ƌW(xu)(chng)Ͽ(hu)γcSϵǟoО@һǰ֮ϵ{(dio)(ji)Оɵķcìܣ˂P(gun)עĽc(din)һ־Ը(dng)s@ٶLôδĻ(dng)sܵõѸ͵İl(f)չ@@Ȼһ(g)ֵ҂̽ӑĆ}^H{(du)ʽĶԪՓ˼ǟoʾ־Ը(dng)ӳ挍(sh)(dng)C(j)
|(zh)ĵԄ(dng)C(j)(jng)ռ(j)֧Եλ־Ը(dng)ҕ͵ОǸˌ(du)(sh)Ⱥw(sh)ʩһNО顣ڴԵһNm(x)|(zh)ѽ(jng)õ˂_ʼؔ(ci)D(zhun)?q)x(sh)F(xin)ҵĽ죬rl(f)׃־Ը(dng)ı˂?c)DCڵě_(dng)ؔ(ci)u(y)͵λ˂ͨ^֧Ԯˌ(sh)F(xin)ңЫ@ÿ옷@һxv־Ը(dng)һNm˽ԅsО־Ը־ȻõˏVJ(rn)ͬMձĭ(jng)(j)ܲ_1990xSc|(zh)S˔(sh)֮ȣfڅ(sh)[5]
־Ը־Խ˂y(tng) c˽ĶԪY(ji)(gu)N(yn)_؍¹gĹԿ(do)Ժͮa(chn)\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)õ˂ձP(gun)עڃ߶c˽(du)ġĴڞǰlֹcОȱ횿˷˽ĵʼKռ(j)֧ԵλҲf҂ᳫo˽ġОĆ³LzĴ҂yչһlͬr(sh)˽ġĵ·
־Ը(dng)ȫһNОͨ^_ؼ˽ġ־Ը@һ;ȥչ˽ĿgoՓ(du)ڿ˷ʧ߀ǡЈ(chng)ʧP(gun)Ҫ⣬T\(yn)(dng)Ҳ(yng)ԓD(zhun)׃˼·ďĹD(zhun)׃֧ԮρĂ(g)˵˽Оȥl(f)F(xin)չԵĿ
҂횽һNȲίЈ(chng)ҲهɵMɵ|(zh)Ϣ֧ԮF(tun)wSýIJl(f)չ@gF(tun)wĻ(dng)Ҳȫпȫ҂ڴȫԵγ
⣬ؽͥڃ(ni)^(q)ΈF(tun)wطΕ(hu)Ȃy(tng)gF(tun)w(du)҂(gu)ͬӾh(yun)x(dng)ǰͥΣC(j)ķ̎ڱ߅ͥ@һgF(tun)wNӵĆ}̎ڳؓ(f)ɠB(ti)ͥ͵طͬw(jng)һNԌ(sh)F(xin)HgHܽwF(xin)˸ҳ䌍(sh)Ŀ(bio)߂䡰ͬԡĈF(tun)wȻSF(xin)(hu)ij죬˽Ԃ(g)xĝBF(xin)˥
ȻKx_ͬͥcطͬwճI(lng)ȻʮҪʹgF(tun)wث@־Ը߈F(tun)wcNPOбҪԱO(jin)o(h)cߵݣ(gu)һ(g)܉֏(f)ԮW(wng)j(lu)(sh)ϣF(xin)ճI(lng)ĸNdԈF(tun)w֧ԮطW(xu)Уͬwąf(xi)empowermentȵȣԼһNHĹMܴy(tng)gF(tun)wcNPONGOdgF(tun)wͬ@ą^(q)ɫҪչȫȱ_̤(sh)ص_܇Ĺ
5.(sh)`湫ԵD(zhun)
־Ը(dng)֧ԮО_صĹڂ(g)wڌ(sh)`иT(sh)ʩĹڴȞҪoՓc߱ǷR(sh)ОĹОcP(gun)@һxv֧ԮОһNпɲԵČ(sh)`ԹĹҪڹݛՓӑՓԒZ֧ԮA(ch)ĹԄtҕһN(sh)`(dng)
ˣ҂ԌԄֳɌ(sh)`ĹcՓĹԃɴ(sh)`I(lng)(ni)ĹҪָA(j)\(yn)(dng)Լ˺չ_ĸN\(yn)(dng)cYxw?fn)ķʽhʽF(xin)Č(sh)`һN(jng)|(zh)(hu)ˮƽҵĹԡȻF(xin)S|(zh)(hu)āR˂P(gun)_ʼD(zhun)xM(jn)Įa(chn)I(y)(hu)֧ԮО(hu)ӻ(dng)Ŀǰѽ(jng)ɞҪ(hu)(sh)`(dng)(dng)Ҳڲ_؍µĹԿg
ɷJ(rn)ǣݛՓcӑՓԒZĹgͬʮҪ(jng)F(xin)ҕ(ji)ĿеĻ˺֪R(sh)ӵӑՓsʹԎ^păA⣬ݛՓҲoГ(dn)ȫĹ؟(z)ˣÿһλОȥl(f)F(xin)C(j)һʮҪĹ҂ͬr(sh)ע،(sh)`cՓɂ(g)ͬĹMܽӿF(xin)SϲgŪΑڿ^ʽķ̖(ho)ٿvsЌW(xu)XͶڌ(sh)`(dng)ˣбҪʹ(sh)`cԒZĹ_(d)ƽ
֧Ԯ(dng)չԿgr(sh)[҂ǰҪ΄(w)ҪŪһNճО֧Ԯ(dng)ЧԆ}؛c(qun)ȿýͨĽ(jng)(j)cοg(ni)ڹҪ֧ߘOпc֧Ԯ(dng)һ֧ԮҲOп܃HHͣڹ(qun)oϾI(lng)(ni)ɞһ(g)a(b)ԸѸͰl(f)չý֮ϵľW(wng)j(lu)Փ̓Mͬwԣ17o(j)18o(j)F(xin)ӢĿݡɳx(hu)ȹݛՓď(f)Ҳܱ֧ԮО(gu)Č(sh)`ĹgиV韵ǰ
ָǣ҂?c)̽ӑ}ĕr(sh)(yng)ԓg顰С¡ǡ¡픢Ա^ֵȾˡһἰԾҪͨձ횡(hu)͡ˇҡôSȻ(hu)xҕճԳҪ(qing){(dio)ԒZĹ߀회c˂ճОY(ji)?yn)һ(g)ע(g)x(hu)ȥ_Ԃ(g)ˌ(sh)`ǰĹg͟o_^(sh)˵ąc֮҂HҪeO_عݛՓӑՓԒZĹg߀չ־Ը(dng)NPOȌ(sh)`ĹgԴ˞C(j)M(jn)Եĸĸ
֮ΩнԹǰ֧ԮM܉չµĹMUMĽY(ji)(gu)ɞ҂횽Qشn}Ǯ(dng)ǰt(yng)ԓѹķ_չ(sh)`֧Ԯ(dng)ȣ(yng)ԓ֧Ԯ߶ǹߵO(sh)(yng)ľ֧ԮTĿǰĠrǣmȻѽ(jng)R(sh)@һ}߀]гκP(gun)T܉ͨ^Ѕ^(q)(j)C(j)P(gun)֧ԮT֧ԮɺϢôȻ(hu)(du)a(chn)هͬӣW(xu)УҲ(yng)HHƫֵ[6]УҎ(gu)M(jn)й횇@_l(f)B(yng)W(xu)cչ_N֧Ԯ(dng)I(y)Ҳ(yng)ԓֻעЧʵĹԽMD(zhun)ͳmڄ(chung)º̈́(chung)츽Ӄr(ji)ֵ֧ԮͽMMܹ@(g)ȫʧ(hu)ğoĹD(zhun)֧Ԯô҂͟oҵQձ}ķ
ߺ(jin)飺߿ձ(dng)(hu)W(xu)F(xin)ձ|I(y)W(xu)(hu)W(xu)ооԼM, Self-Organity, (hu)仯, Social Change, W(xu), Theory of Civilizati, , Civilization, (hu)A, Social Stratificatio, (hu)A(j), Socil Class
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[2] @fĹԆɣָЩ(du)1990ĭ(jng)(j)(bio)Ј(chng)fȫxIJБn]о߂sͬ،Ԇ}鿼쌦(du)ĬF(xin)M(jn)2000оȡ˺ܴɹ(hu)W(xu)u(png)Փ2000Kڣ504̖(ho)ϣԡ21o(j)(hu)W(xu)µĹͬcԡ}ؼ
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[3] ߿:ζW(xu)hȤν|W(xu)(hu)2001,265
[4]Salamon, Lester M., Partner in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relation in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1995,pp.44-48.
[5] 1958ձF(xin)(ni)wÿ궼1f˞錦(du)_չP(gun)ݛՓ{(dio)顱1972_ʼ˽ԡ|(zh)S߀ԡS{(dio)(xing)ĿĽY(ji)ֹ1975x|(zh)SıxS˔(sh)Ҫ1975-1979gxߵ˔(sh)څͬ1980_ʼBm(x)xS˔(sh)^ˡ|(zh)S˔(sh)ĴxS˔(sh)֮ʼK̎đB(ti)(sh)(ni)wڈ(bo)ңvՓ{(dio)ˡ2003գ
[6] ƫֵStandard scoreձW(xu)УÁW(xu)W(xu)(x)ąϵ(sh)gע
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